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{
    "pk": 52908,
    "title": "The Dual Formative *tsi in Tibeto-Burman Languages",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "<p>A pronominal dual formative derivable from *tsi, *ntsi, or *tsiŋ is attested sufficiently broadly across the Tibeto-Burman languages to require that these be reconstructed to the proto-language. In most of these languages only one of these forms occurs, and combines with pronouns to form compositional duals. However, several languages show clear association of *tsi with inclusive dual, and *ntsi with second person dual; there is also some evidence for an originally exclusive value of *tsiŋ. This paper presents the comparative evidence for these, with evidence from various clades supporting the reconstructed person values of the three forms, and suggests a preliminary account of the develoments which have resulted in the replacement in most languages of the original 3-term paradigm with compositional forms. </p>",
    "language": "eng",
    "license": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial  4.0",
        "short_name": "CC BY-NC 4.0",
        "text": "Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\n\nNonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.\n\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0"
    },
    "keywords": [
        {
            "word": "Trans-Himalayan"
        },
        {
            "word": "Sino-Tibetan"
        },
        {
            "word": "Tibeto-Burman"
        },
        {
            "word": "Pronouns"
        },
        {
            "word": "dual"
        }
    ],
    "section": "Articles",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/92z910mm",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Scott",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "DeLancey",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of Oregon",
            "department": ""
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": "2025-09-18T13:14:28.509000-07:00",
    "date_accepted": "2025-11-24T02:23:39.601000-08:00",
    "date_published": "2026-03-03T07:41:00-08:00",
    "render_galley": null,
    "galleys": [
        {
            "label": "PDF",
            "type": "pdf",
            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/himalayanlinguistics/article/52908/galley/48943/download/"
        }
    ]
}