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{
    "pk": 52909,
    "title": "Lilliputians at the Gate: Small Individual Campaign Donations and Political Polarization in Western State Legislatures",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "<p>Scholars seek to understand campaign donor behavior and its effects on candidates. Researchers generally agree that individual donors are more ideologically extreme than most organizational donors but disagree as to whether small individual donors (those giving less than $200 per cycle) are especially correlated to extremist candidates. We study the relationship between small individual donors and legislators’ NPAT and CFscores for the California, Washington, and Oregon legislatures between 2016 and 2022. We find both that individual donors correlate to more partisan legislators in general and that the correlation between donors and politically polarized legislators is even greater for small individual donors than for large individual donors in most cases.</p>",
    "language": "eng",
    "license": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "short_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "text": "Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\n\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
    },
    "keywords": [
        {
            "word": "Campaign Finance; State Politics; Polarization"
        }
    ],
    "section": "Articles",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/11c7417t",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Todd",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Lochner",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Lewis & Clark College",
            "department": "Political Science"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Ellen",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Seljan",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Lewis & Clark College",
            "department": "Political Science"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Madeleine",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "MacWilliamson",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Valerie",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Naborska",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "",
            "department": ""
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": "2025-09-18T21:02:56.714000Z",
    "date_accepted": "2026-02-09T15:44:40.796772Z",
    "date_published": "2026-03-18T23:00:00Z",
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        "type": "pdf",
        "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cjpp/article/52909/galley/49092/download/"
    },
    "galleys": [
        {
            "label": "Lochner et al galley",
            "type": "pdf",
            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cjpp/article/52909/galley/49019/download/"
        },
        {
            "label": "Publication File",
            "type": "pdf",
            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cjpp/article/52909/galley/49092/download/"
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    ]
}