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{
    "pk": 5349,
    "title": "What Associative Learning in Insects Tells Us about the Evolution of Learned and Fixed Behavior",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "Contemporary models for the evolution of learning suggest that environmental predictability plays a critical role in whether learning is expected to evolve in a particular species, a claim originally made over 50 years ago. However, amongst many behavioral scientists who study insect learning, as well as amongst neuroscientists who study the brain architecture of insects, a very different view is emerging, namely that all animals possessing a nervous system should be able to learn. More specifically, the capacity for associative learning may be an emergent property of nervous systems such that, whenever selection pressures favor the evolution of nervous systems, for whatever reason, the capacity for associative learning follows \nipso facto\n. One way to reconcile these disparate views of learning is to suggest that the assumed default in these evolutionary models, namely the non-learning phenotype, is incorrect: The ability to learn is, in fact, the default but, under certain conditions, selection pressures can override that ability, resulting in hard-wired, or considerably less plastic, responses. Thus, models for the evolution of learning actually may be models for the conditions under which inherent plasticity is overridden. Moreover, what have been revealed as the costs of learning in insects may, instead, be costs associated with far more complex cognitive feats than simple associative learning – cognitive skills that researchers are just now beginning to reveal.",
    "language": "en",
    "license": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "short_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "text": "Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\r\n\r\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
    },
    "keywords": [
        {
            "word": "Insect learning"
        },
        {
            "word": "evolution of learning"
        },
        {
            "word": "associative learning in insects"
        }
    ],
    "section": "Special Issue on Biological Constraints on Learning",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3v15313t",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Karen",
            "middle_name": "L.",
            "last_name": "Hollis",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Mount Holyoke College",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Lauren",
            "middle_name": "M.",
            "last_name": "Guillette",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of St Andrews",
            "department": "None"
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": "2015-02-13T22:07:27+01:00",
    "date_accepted": "2015-02-13T22:07:27+01:00",
    "date_published": "2015-07-18T22:22:12+02:00",
    "render_galley": null,
    "galleys": [
        {
            "label": "",
            "type": "",
            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/uclapsych_ijcp/article/5349/galley/3207/download/"
        }
    ]
}