Article Instance

HTTP 200 OK
Allow: GET
Content-Type: application/json
Vary: Accept

{
    "pk": 5518,
    "title": "Three Levels of Consciousness: A Pattern in Phylogeny and Human Ontogeny",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "Investigations in the cognitive abilities of different animal species and children at different ages have revealed that consciousness comes in degrees. In this review, I will first address four cognitive abilities that are important to discriminate levels of consciousness: mirror self-recognition, theory of mind, mental time travel, and the capacity to entertain secondary representations. I will then examine putative relations between these abilities and assign them to three levels of consciousness (anoetic, noetic, autonoetic). Finally, I will discuss the implications of differences in consciousness for the understanding of behavioral organization in animals and humans and for animal welfare science. I will argue that, on one hand, implicit behavioral rules may account for results obtained in research on theory of mind and mental time travel abilities in animals and children. On the other hand, secondary representations may be the key to explain behaviors based on semantic memory as well as semantic future planning abilities observed in great apes and young children. These considerations are in accordance with the view that an explicit theory of mind and a continuous self through time are unique to humans.",
    "language": "en",
    "license": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "short_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "text": "Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\r\n\r\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
    },
    "keywords": [
        {
            "word": "Consciousness"
        },
        {
            "word": "self-awareness"
        },
        {
            "word": "Theory of mind"
        },
        {
            "word": "Mental Time Travel"
        },
        {
            "word": "animal welfare"
        }
    ],
    "section": "Research Article",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7j68f8n6",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Beat",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Wechsler",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office\nCentre for Proper Housing of Ruminants and Pigs",
            "department": "None"
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": "2018-11-03T14:05:45+03:00",
    "date_accepted": "2018-11-03T14:05:45+03:00",
    "date_published": "2019-04-20T10:00:00+03:00",
    "render_galley": null,
    "galleys": [
        {
            "label": "",
            "type": "",
            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/uclapsych_ijcp/article/5518/galley/3340/download/"
        }
    ]
}