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{
    "pk": 55180,
    "title": "Balancing Tongues: ESL Programs in Combating Asian American Stereotypes",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "To many immigrant students and students who speak a language other than English athome, ESL (English as a second language) programs are all too familiar. There is muchconversation surrounding the benefits and drawbacks of ESL programs but, historically, theestablishment of programs aiming to provide supplemental English resources to public schoolstudents has overturned students’ equal opportunity for education. Specifically, the 1974 Lau v.Nichols case reinforced the ruling of the Brown v. Board of Education and placed AsianAmericans at the forefront of education. This case occurred during a complex time: theChinatown community was struggling to balance cultural and language preservation with thedesegregation of schools and integration of Chinese students into majority-white schools. Thispaper examines the historical significance of the Lau v. Nichols case and its effects on Englishlanguage programs and Asian American stereotypes.",
    "language": "en",
    "license": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives  4.0",
        "short_name": "CC BY-NC-ND 4.0",
        "text": "Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\n\nNonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.\n\nNoDerivatives — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material.\n\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0"
    },
    "keywords": [],
    "section": "Articles",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0v47h2r7",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Vickie",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Cai",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "",
            "department": ""
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": "2024-06-24T08:19:30Z",
    "date_accepted": "2024-06-24T08:19:30Z",
    "date_published": "2024-06-24T07:00:00Z",
    "render_galley": null,
    "galleys": [
        {
            "label": "",
            "type": "pdf",
            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/aarj/article/55180/galley/41551/download/"
        }
    ]
}