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{
    "pk": 5527,
    "title": "A Comparison of Sequential Learning Errors Made by Apes and Monkeys Reveals Individual but not Species Differences in Learning",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "Using methods comparable to those used previously to test closely-related taxa (\nPan troglodytes \nand \nMacaca mulatta\n), our aim was to better understand how gorillas (\nGorilla gorilla gorilla\n) and Japanese macaques (\nM. fuscata\n) learn sequences. Using a disappearing-type simultaneous chain, we trained five gorillas and eight macaques on a two-item list of colored stimuli presented via touchscreens. There was no difference across species in the number of trials required to learn the two-item list. We added a third item to the list as each subject reached criterion. We then analyzed the subjects’ first 30 trials with the three-item list and found that the rate of successfully sequencing the list varied by subject but not by species. In their first 30 trials of the three-item list, subjects selected the second item correctly only at chance, suggesting they had only encoded the first symbol when learning the two-item list. One gorilla, tested on longer sequences, showed similar responses: when first presented with a newly-lengthened list, he only selected the penultimate item at chance levels. Thus, the primates’ errors with newly-lengthened lists is suggestive of the chaining theory of learning. These results highlight similarities in list learning of these two distantly-related primate species as well as the clear intra-species variation in learning.",
    "language": "en",
    "license": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "short_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "text": "Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\r\n\r\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
    },
    "keywords": [
        {
            "word": "serial learning"
        },
        {
            "word": "memory"
        },
        {
            "word": "disappearing-type simultaneous chain"
        },
        {
            "word": "Gorilla"
        },
        {
            "word": "Japanese  macaque"
        }
    ],
    "section": "Brief Reports",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/024578f5",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Crystal",
            "middle_name": "L",
            "last_name": "Egelkamp",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Lincoln Park Zoo",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Sarah",
            "middle_name": "L",
            "last_name": "Jacobson",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "The Graduate Center CUNY",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Katherine",
            "middle_name": "A",
            "last_name": "Cronin",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Lincoln Park Zoo",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Katherine",
            "middle_name": "E",
            "last_name": "Wagner",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Lincoln Park Zoo",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Stephen",
            "middle_name": "R",
            "last_name": "Ross",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Lincoln Park Zoo",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Lydia",
            "middle_name": "M",
            "last_name": "Hopper",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Lincoln Park Zoo",
            "department": "None"
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": "2019-02-12T15:02:52Z",
    "date_accepted": "2019-02-12T15:02:52Z",
    "date_published": "2019-10-20T07:00:00Z",
    "render_galley": null,
    "galleys": [
        {
            "label": "",
            "type": "",
            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/uclapsych_ijcp/article/5527/galley/3345/download/"
        }
    ]
}