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{
    "pk": 5615,
    "title": "Human Vocal Commands Verify Audio Discrimination Ability in the Steller Sea Lion Eumetopias jubatus",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "We report results of experiments using human vocal commands to investigate how well a Steller sea lion (\nEumetopias jubatus\n)\n \ncan discriminate different sounds. The participant, Hama, a 12-year-old female at Kinosaki Marine World, Japan, was raised by four trainers. We investigate Hama’s ability to discriminate 10 vocal commands (e.g. Iya-iya, Okay etc.) used in daily performances in two experiments: 1, commands given directly to the sea lion by trainers, but out of her sight; and 2, vocal commands given to the sea lion by trainers, but using recorded commands over a loudspeaker. In the experiment 1, Hama was able to discriminate all 10 commands, but her accuracy to discriminate one command was significantly lower than others (p < .05). In the  experiment 2, Hama was able to discriminate all but one command; accuracy rates among commands were variable, but the accuracy rate for one was significantly lower than the others, and those for three commands were significantly higher than others(p < .05). These experiments demonstrate that Hama can discriminate most commands based on their acoustic properties, regardless of which of four trainers spoke them out of her sight or if they were relayed from a recording. This ability suggest that the Steller sea lion \nE. jubatus\n might use sound for their own complex communication.",
    "language": "en",
    "license": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "short_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "text": "Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\r\n\r\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
    },
    "keywords": [
        {
            "word": "acoustic signal, cognition, Eumetopias jubatus, pinniped, Steller sea lion, training"
        }
    ],
    "section": "Research Article",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5fs4b6ht",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Masahiro",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Sasaki",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Kinosaki Marine World",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Miyui",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Chiba",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Kinosaki Marine World",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Eri",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Ito",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Kinosaki Marine World",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Kazuki",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Tsutsumi",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Kinosaki Marine World",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Koichi",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Ito",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Kinosaki Marine World",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Tomoki",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Sunobe",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Laboratory of Fish Behavioral Ecology, Tateyama Station, Field Science Center, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology",
            "department": "None"
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": "2022-07-17T14:44:36Z",
    "date_accepted": "2022-07-17T14:44:36Z",
    "date_published": "2022-11-10T08:00:00Z",
    "render_galley": null,
    "galleys": [
        {
            "label": "",
            "type": "",
            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/uclapsych_ijcp/article/5615/galley/3394/download/"
        }
    ]
}