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{
    "pk": 5638,
    "title": "Raptors’ Natural History Influences Their Response to the String-Pull Task",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "Largely due to the small number of individuals in captivity, birds of prey remain an understudied, but promising, group for animal cognition research. Variations on the classic string-pulling task have been applied across species to evaluate abilities such as associative learning, means-end understanding, and insight problem solving. Previous research has examined only a few species of raptor on the task such as the Harris’s hawk, great grey owl, and turkey vulture. Here, we explored how 1-3 individuals from each of seven raptor species (turkey vulture, \nCathartes aura\n; barn owl, \nTyto alba\n; western screech owl, \nMegascops kennicottii\n; eastern screech owl, \nMegascops asio\n; red-tailed hawk, \nButeo jamaicensis\n; Swainson’s hawk, \nButeo swainsoni\n; and Harris’s hawk, \nParabuteo unicinctus\n) responded to a standardized vertical apparatus. Our goal was to replicate, diversify, and extend the literature by documenting how these different species approached the same problem. Two strings were tied around a perch, one of which was baited. Birds underwent multiple 60-min trials. At least one bird from four of the seven species retrieved the food reward. Three individuals retrieved the food consistently across trials, including the first recorded solving by a western screech owl. Birds displayed diverse apparatus-directed behaviors and solving methods which supported our predictions regarding sociality and predation method. We frame our findings as a roadmap for future researchers studying physical problem-solving by raptors.",
    "language": "en",
    "license": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "short_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "text": "Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\r\n\r\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
    },
    "keywords": [
        {
            "word": "bird of prey, comparative cognition, natural history, raptor, string-pull task"
        }
    ],
    "section": "Research Article",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2rv3c28t",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Colby",
            "middle_name": "R",
            "last_name": "Smith",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of Puget Sound",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Erin",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Colbert-White",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of Puget Sound",
            "department": "None"
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": "2023-02-28T11:23:13-08:00",
    "date_accepted": "2023-02-28T11:23:13-08:00",
    "date_published": "2023-09-10T00:00:00-07:00",
    "render_galley": null,
    "galleys": [
        {
            "label": "",
            "type": "",
            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/uclapsych_ijcp/article/5638/galley/3406/download/"
        }
    ]
}