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{
    "pk": 5710,
    "title": "Underwater Visual Acuity of Florida Manatees (\nTrichechus manatus latirostris\n)",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "In Experiment 1 underwater visual acuity was assessed in two Florida manatees, \nTrichechus manatus Latirostris\n, using grating stimuli in three conditions: Vertical gratings presented in freshwater, vertical gratings in saltwater, and horizontal gratings in saltwater. All stimuli were tested in a free-swimming format from a minimum distance of one meter. Substantial differences were found between the two subjects. One subject’s minimum angles of resolution (MAR) were 56 min for vertical stimuli in freshwater, 38 min for vertical stimuli in saltwater, and 24 min for horizontal grating stimuli in saltwater. When only trials under brightest light conditions were analyzed, MARs improved for vertical stimuli to 24 min in freshwater and 21 min in saltwater. No improvement was found for horizontal stimuli with brighter light conditions. The MARs of the second subject measured over a degree for all test conditions. In Experiment 2 only the first subject was tested from a closer viewing distance. He showed no improvement when allowed to approach targets to within 30 cm. The limited resolution of both subjects and absence of increased acuity at closer distances in one suggests that manatees use vision for intermediate or longer distance inspection of large objects. The disparity in visual resolution between subjects has possible implications for variability in acuity within the species.",
    "language": "en",
    "license": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "short_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "text": "Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\r\n\r\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
    },
    "keywords": [
        {
            "word": "International Journal of Comparative Psychology"
        },
        {
            "word": "Behavior"
        },
        {
            "word": "Behaviour"
        },
        {
            "word": "learning"
        },
        {
            "word": "Behavioral Taxonomy"
        },
        {
            "word": "cognition"
        },
        {
            "word": "Cognitive Processes"
        },
        {
            "word": "Intelligence"
        },
        {
            "word": "Choice"
        },
        {
            "word": "Conditioning"
        },
        {
            "word": "Communication"
        },
        {
            "word": "Underwater"
        },
        {
            "word": "Visual Acuity"
        }
    ],
    "section": "Research Article",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/52h2x26v",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Gordon B.",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Bauer",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "New College of Florida, U.S.A.",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Debborah E.",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Colbert",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Mote Marine Laboratory and Aquarium, U.S.A.",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Joseph C.",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Gaspard III",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Mote Marine Laboratory and Aquarium, U.S.A.",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Brandie",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Littlefield",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Mote Marine Laboratory and Aquarium, U.S.A.",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Wendi",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Fellner",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Walt Disney World Resort, U.S.A.",
            "department": "None"
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": "2009-05-01T07:00:00Z",
    "date_accepted": "2009-05-01T07:00:00Z",
    "date_published": "2003-12-31T08:00:00Z",
    "render_galley": null,
    "galleys": [
        {
            "label": "",
            "type": "",
            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/uclapsych_ijcp/article/5710/galley/3465/download/"
        }
    ]
}