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{
    "pk": 5793,
    "title": "Exploration and Habituation in Intact Free Moving \nOctopus vulgaris",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "Despite the huge numbers of studies published on the learning of cephalopod mollusks, studies on non-associative learning are scarce. We tested non-associative learning (habituation) and exploration in \nOctopus vulgaris\n in two different studies using a prey-shaped object (Study A) and inanimate objects and food objects (Study B). Study A consisted of the repeated presentation of a prey-like stimulus, which 23 subjects could only explore visually. In study B, 14 octopuses were presented two Lego blocks (one black and white with a smooth surface, one a blue \"snowflake\" with a rough surface) and two food items, one preferred (clams) and one non-preferred (mussels) inside their home tanks. As hunger is a motivational factor for exploratory behavior, different levels of food satiation (feeding 2h or 24 h prior to experiments) were tested. Within trial habituation was clearly documented in both experiments. In study A across trials habituation was found for all animals, whereas it was only significant in 5 animals in Study B.",
    "language": "en",
    "license": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "short_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "text": "Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\r\n\r\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
    },
    "keywords": [
        {
            "word": "International Journal of Comparative Psychology"
        },
        {
            "word": "Behavior"
        },
        {
            "word": "Behaviour"
        },
        {
            "word": "learning"
        },
        {
            "word": "Behavioral Taxonomy"
        },
        {
            "word": "cognition"
        },
        {
            "word": "Cognitive Processes"
        },
        {
            "word": "Intelligent"
        },
        {
            "word": "Exploration"
        },
        {
            "word": "Habituation"
        },
        {
            "word": "Octopus"
        },
        {
            "word": "Cephalopod"
        },
        {
            "word": "mollusk"
        },
        {
            "word": "Non-associative"
        }
    ],
    "section": "Research Article",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/30k9h256",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Michael",
            "middle_name": "J.",
            "last_name": "Kuba",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Austria",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Ruth",
            "middle_name": "A",
            "last_name": "Byrne",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Austria",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Daniela",
            "middle_name": "V.",
            "last_name": "Meisel",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Austria",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Jennifer",
            "middle_name": "A.",
            "last_name": "Mather",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of Lethbridge, Canada",
            "department": "None"
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": "2009-04-30T07:00:00Z",
    "date_accepted": "2009-04-30T07:00:00Z",
    "date_published": "2006-12-31T08:00:00Z",
    "render_galley": null,
    "galleys": [
        {
            "label": "",
            "type": "",
            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/uclapsych_ijcp/article/5793/galley/3548/download/"
        }
    ]
}