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{
    "pk": 62564,
    "title": "Avian Communities in Tidal Salt Marshes of San Francisco Bay: A Review of Functional Groups by Foraging Guild and Habitat Association",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "The San Francisco Bay estuary is highly urbanized, but it supports the largest remaining extent of tidal salt marshes on the west coast of North America as well as a diverse native bird community. San Francisco Bay tidal marshes are occupied by more than 113 bird species that represent 31 families, including five subspecies from three families that we denote as tidal-marsh obligates. To better identify the niche of bird species in tidal marshes, we present a review of functional groups based on foraging guilds and habitat associations. Foraging guilds describe the method by which species obtain food from tidal marshes, while habitat associations describe broad areas within the marsh that have similar environmental conditions. For example, the ubiquitous song sparrows (Alameda \nMelospiza melodia pusillula\n, Suisun \nM. m. maxillaris\n, and San Pablo \nM. m. samuelis\n) are surface-feeding generalists that consume prey from vegetation and the ground, and they are found across the entire marsh plain into the upland–marsh transition. In contrast, surface-feeding California black rails (\nLaterallus jamaicensis coturniculus\n) are cryptic, and generally restricted in their distribution to the mid- and high-marsh plain. Although in the same family, the endangered California clapper rail (\nRallus longirostris obsoletus\n) has become highly specialized, foraging primarily on benthic fauna within marsh channels when they are exposed at low tide. Shorebirds such as the black-necked stilt (\nHimantopus mexicanus\n) typically probe in mud flats to consume macroinvertebrate prey, and are generally restricted to foraging on salt pans within the marsh plain, in ponds, or on mud flats during transitional stages of marsh evolution. The abundance and distribution of birds varies widely with changing water depths and vegetation colonization during different stages of restoration. Thus, tidal-marsh birds represent a rich and diverse community in bay marshes, with niches that may be distinguished by the food resources they consume and the habitats that they occupy along the tidal gradient.",
    "language": "en",
    "license": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "short_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "text": "Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\n\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
    },
    "keywords": [
        {
            "word": "tidal marsh"
        },
        {
            "word": "birds"
        },
        {
            "word": "San Francisco Bay"
        },
        {
            "word": "California black rail"
        },
        {
            "word": "California clapper rail"
        },
        {
            "word": "black-necked stilt"
        },
        {
            "word": "song sparrow"
        },
        {
            "word": "restoration"
        },
        {
            "word": "habitats"
        },
        {
            "word": "climate change"
        },
        {
            "word": "Other Ecology and Evolutionary Biology"
        },
        {
            "word": "Poultry or Avian Science"
        },
        {
            "word": "Ecology, Evolution, Systematics, and Population Biology"
        },
        {
            "word": "Zoology"
        }
    ],
    "section": "Research Article",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3tg4f18n",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "John",
            "middle_name": "Y.",
            "last_name": "Takekawa",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "U.S. Geological Survey",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Isa",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Woo",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "U.S. Geological Survey",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Rachel",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Gardiner",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "U.S. Geological Survey",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Michael",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Casazza",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "U.S. Geological Survey",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Joshua",
            "middle_name": "T.",
            "last_name": "Ackerman",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "U.S. Geological Survey",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Nadav",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Nur",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Point Reyes Bird Observatory Conservation Science",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Leonard",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Liu",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Point Reyes Bird Observatory Conservation Science",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Hildie",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Spautz",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Point Reyes Bird Observatory Conservation Science",
            "department": ""
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": "2010-02-25T18:06:23Z",
    "date_accepted": "2010-02-25T18:06:23Z",
    "date_published": "2011-12-23T08:00:00Z",
    "render_galley": null,
    "galleys": [
        {
            "label": "",
            "type": "pdf",
            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/jmie_sfews/article/62564/galley/48312/download/"
        }
    ]
}