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{ "pk": 62877, "title": "Habitat Use by Breeding Waterbirds in Relation to Tidal Marsh Restoration in the San Francisco Bay Estuary", "subtitle": null, "abstract": "The South Bay Salt Pond Restoration Project aims to restore many former salt production ponds, now managed for wildlife and water quality, to tidal marsh. However, because managed ponds support large densities of breeding waterbirds, reduction of pond habitat may influence breeding waterbird distribution and abundance. We investigated habitat use associated with breeding, feeding, and roosting behaviors during the breeding season for American Avocets (\nRecurvirostra americana\n), Black-necked Stilts (\nHimantopus mexicanus\n), Forster’s Terns (\nSterna forsteri\n), and Caspian Terns (\nHydroprogne caspia\n) in south San Francisco Bay in 2019 after substantial tidal marsh restoration, and compared results to a 2001 survey (before restoration). In 2019, managed ponds (26% of currently available habitat) were selected by waterbirds engaged in breeding behaviors (> 39% of observations), foraging (> 42%), and roosting (> 73%). Waterbirds avoided tidal habitats (43% of available habitat), comprising < 17% of observations of breeding behavior, < 28% of foraging observations, and < 13% of roosting observations. Waterbird densities increased in managed ponds between 2001 and 2019, and decreased in active salt ponds, especially among feeding Avocets (92% decrease) and Stilts (100% decrease). Islands were important for waterbirds observed breeding and roosting (45% of Avocet and 53% of Tern observations). Avocets and Stilts fed primarily on wet bare ground (65% and 58%, respectively), whereas feeding Forster’s Terns and Caspian Terns used mostly open water (82% and 93%, respectively). Within ponds, Avocets were associated with islands (131 m closer than expected). Stilts and Forster’s Terns were also associated with islands (68 m and 161 m closer than expected), except when feeding (1 m closer and 90 m farther than expected). Avocets and Stilts were associated with pond levees (39 m and 41 m closer than expected), but Forster’s Terns were not (9 m closer than expected). Our results emphasize the importance of managed ponds for breeding and foraging waterbirds, including islands for breeding and roosting and levees for foraging.", "language": "en", "license": { "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0", "short_name": "CC BY 4.0", "text": "Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\n\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.", "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0" }, "keywords": [ { "word": "American Avocet, behavior, Black-necked Stilt, Black Skimmer, Caspian Tern, Forster’s Tern, managed ponds, micro-habitat, nesting islands, tidal marsh restoration" } ], "section": "Research Article", "is_remote": true, "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3g91r58b", "frozenauthors": [ { "first_name": "Carley", "middle_name": "R.", "last_name": "Schacter", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "US Geological Survey\nWestern Ecological Research Center\nDixon Field Station, Dixon, CA 95620", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "C.", "middle_name": "Alex", "last_name": "Hartman", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "US Geological Survey\nWestern Ecological Research Center\nDixon Field Station, Dixon, CA 95620", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Mark", "middle_name": "P.", "last_name": "Herzog", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "US Geological Survey\nWestern Ecological Research Center\nDixon Field Station, Dixon, CA 95620", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Sarah", "middle_name": "H.", "last_name": "Peterson", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "US Geological Survey\nWestern Ecological Research Center\nDixon Field Station, Dixon, CA 95620", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "L.", "middle_name": "Max", "last_name": "Tarjan", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "San Francisco Bay Bird Observatory\nMilpitas, CA 95035\n\nCurrent address: NatureServe\nArlington, VA 22202", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Yiwei", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Wang", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "San Francisco Bay Bird Observatory\nMilpitas, CA 95035", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Cheryl", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Strong", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "US Fish and Wildlife Service, Don Edwards \nSan Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge\nFremont, CA 94555", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Rachel", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Tertes", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "US Fish and Wildlife Service, Don Edwards \nSan Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge\nFremont, CA 94555", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Nils", "middle_name": "", "last_name": "Warnock", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "Point Blue Conservation Science\nPetaluma, CA 94954\n\nCurrent address: Audubon Canyon Ranch\nCypress Grove Research Center\nMarshall, CA 94940", "department": "" }, { "first_name": "Joshua", "middle_name": "T.", "last_name": "Ackerman", "name_suffix": "", "institution": "US Geological Survey\nWestern Ecological Research Center\nDixon Field Station, Dixon, CA 95620", "department": "" } ], "date_submitted": "2023-06-09T01:44:05-04:00", "date_accepted": "2023-06-09T01:44:05-04:00", "date_published": "2023-06-15T03:00:00-04:00", "render_galley": null, "galleys": [ { "label": "", "type": "pdf", "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/jmie_sfews/article/62877/galley/48561/download/" } ] }