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{
    "pk": 62922,
    "title": "Integrating Hydrodynamics and Fish Vital Rates into Indices of Entrainment for Endangered Smelts at the Barker Slough Pumping Plant",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "Fish losses to entrainment in water diversions in the Sacramento–San Joaquin Delta have been a long-standing conservation concern. We evaluated Delta Smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus) and Longfin Smelt (Spirinchus thaleichthys) entrainment risk associated with the Barker Slough Pumping Plant (BSPP) by integrating hydrodynamic, growth, survival, and fish-screen-selectivity information into indices of entrainment risk for nine locations in the Cache Slough Complex (CSC). Our fundamental question was: How does risk of entrainment into BSPP vary in space and time? We found the predicted risk of entrainment into BSPP is extremely high from the adjacent Lindsey Slough. From elsewhere in the CSC, entrainment risk into BSPP is approximately zero in both wet and dry years, such that local irrigation diversions are the only potential source of entrainment loss. We estimated Delta Smelt outgrow vulnerability to entrainment through the BSPP fish-screens in 35 to 53 days while Longfin Smelt remain vulnerable for 90 to 98 days. Research indicates some impingement is probable even after fish outgrow risk of being entrained through the screens if they continue to be passively transported. Our entrainment indices sometimes deviated considerably from hydrodynamic transport predictions within Lindsey Slough because larval fish have high natural mortality rates and, at least for Delta Smelt, growth rates high enough to modify the transport predictions. Since 1989, the predicted entrainment risk at BSPP has declined in the winter but increased in April through May as a result of long-term trends in how much water is seasonally diverted at BSPP. If the one-dimensional model we used to estimate fish transport is accurate, then Delta Smelt and Longfin Smelt would need to be spawned in Barker or Lindsey sloughs to face a meaningful risk of entrainment at BSPP. This conclusion does not appear to be affected by Yolo Bypass flow as had been hypothesized previously.",
    "language": "en",
    "license": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "short_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "text": "Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\n\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
    },
    "keywords": [
        {
            "word": "Delta Smelt, Longfin Smelt, entrainment, Particle Tracking Model"
        }
    ],
    "section": "Research Article",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7g15b3xc",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Matthew",
            "middle_name": "L.",
            "last_name": "Nobriga",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, \nSan Francisco Bay-Delta Fish and Wildlife Office, \nSacramento, CA 95814 USA",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Wiliam",
            "middle_name": "E.",
            "last_name": "Smith",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, \nSan Francisco Bay-Delta Fish and Wildlife Office, \nSacramento, CA 95814 USA",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Craig",
            "middle_name": "A.",
            "last_name": "Anderson",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, \nSan Francisco Bay-Delta Fish and Wildlife Office, \nSacramento, CA 95814 USA",
            "department": ""
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": "2025-08-23T23:37:53-04:00",
    "date_accepted": "2025-08-23T23:37:53-04:00",
    "date_published": "2025-08-28T03:00:00-04:00",
    "render_galley": null,
    "galleys": [
        {
            "label": "",
            "type": "pdf",
            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/jmie_sfews/article/62922/galley/48608/download/"
        }
    ]
}