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{
    "pk": 6801,
    "title": "Linguistic Features of Formative Feedback on ESL Argumentative Writing: Comparing Pre-service and Experienced Teachers",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "This experimental study investigated pre-service and experienced teachers’ formative feedback responding to upper-secondary English as a Second Language (ESL) argumentative essays. It examined differences in feedback quality and linguistic features regarding teaching experience and text quality (high/low). We developed holistic criteria of effective formative feedback based on empirical findings in order to rate comments by 26 experienced and 41 pre-service teachers. Natural language processing tools were then applied to evaluate linguistic features of these comments. Results indicate that teachers provided more high-quality feedback to stronger essays than to weaker texts. No significant difference was found between pre-service and experienced teachers in terms of feedback quality. Further, comment length and absence of negative adjectives seem to predict feedback quality. Implications for research and practice are discussed.",
    "language": "en",
    "license": null,
    "keywords": [
        {
            "word": "formative feedback, second language writing, natural language processing, teacher education"
        }
    ],
    "section": "Articles",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3pv279vw",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Cristina",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Voegelin",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of Basel\nInstitute for Educational Sciences",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Stefan",
            "middle_name": "Daniel",
            "last_name": "Keller",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "University of Basel\nInstitute for Educational Sciences",
            "department": "None"
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": "2020-07-27T20:14:59Z",
    "date_accepted": "2020-07-27T20:14:59Z",
    "date_published": "2021-11-08T08:00:00Z",
    "render_galley": null,
    "galleys": [
        {
            "label": "",
            "type": "pdf",
            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/ial/article/6801/galley/3901/download/"
        }
    ]
}