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{
    "pk": 7306,
    "title": "Intimate Partner Violence and Social Pressure among Gay Men in Six Countries",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "Introduction: Recent research suggests that men who have sex with men (MSM) experience intimate partner violence (IPV) at significantly higher rates than heterosexual men. Few studies, however, have investigated implications of heterosexist social pressures – namely, homophobic discrimination, internalized homophobia, and heterosexism– on risk for IPV among MSM, and no previous studies have examined cross-national variations in the relationship between IPV and social pressure. This paperexamines reporting of IPV and associations with social pressure among a sample of internet-recruited MSM in the United States (U.S.), Canada, Australia, the United Kingdom, South Africa, and Brazil.\nMethods: We recruited internet-using MSM from 6 countries through selective banner advertisements placed on Facebook. Eligibility criteria were men age over 18 reporting sex with a man in the past year. Of the 2,771 eligible respondents, 2,368 had complete data and were included in the analysis. Threeoutcomes were examined: reporting recent experience of physical violence, sexual violence, and recent perpetration of physical violence. The analysis focused on associations between reporting of IPV and experiences of homophobic discrimination, internalized homophobia, and heteronormativity.\nResults: Reporting of experiencing physical IPV ranged from 5.75% in the U.S. to 11.75% in South Africa, while experiencing sexual violence was less commonly reported and ranged from 2.54% in Australia to 4.52% in the U.S. Perpetration of physical violence ranged from 2.47% in the U.S. to 5.76% in South Africa. Experiences of homophobic discrimination, internalized homophobia, and heteronormativity were found to increase odds of reporting IPV in all countries.\nConclusion: There has been little data on IPV among MSM, particularly MSM living in low- and middleincome countries. Despite the lack of consensus in demographic correlates of violence reporting, heterosexist social pressures were found to significantly increase odds of reporting IPV in all countries.These findings show the universality of violence reporting amongMSMacross countries, and highlight the unique role of heteronormativity asa risk factor for violence reporting among MSM. The results demonstrate that using internet-based surveys to reachMSMis feasible for certain areas, although modified effortsmay be required to reach diverse samples of MSM. [West J Emerg Med. 2012;13(3):260–271.]",
    "language": "en",
    "license": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial  4.0",
        "short_name": "CC BY-NC 4.0",
        "text": "Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\r\n\r\nNonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes.\r\n\r\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0"
    },
    "keywords": [
        {
            "word": "homophobia"
        },
        {
            "word": "Violence"
        },
        {
            "word": "intimate partner violence"
        },
        {
            "word": "msm"
        },
        {
            "word": "Gay"
        },
        {
            "word": "cross-national"
        },
        {
            "word": "US"
        },
        {
            "word": "UK"
        },
        {
            "word": "South Africa"
        },
        {
            "word": "brazil"
        },
        {
            "word": "Australia"
        },
        {
            "word": "Canada"
        },
        {
            "word": "domestic violence"
        },
        {
            "word": "battering"
        },
        {
            "word": "Public health"
        },
        {
            "word": "Epidemiology"
        },
        {
            "word": "Demography"
        }
    ],
    "section": "Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/2jp8k9xd",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Catherine",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Finneran",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public\nHealth, Atlanta, Georgia",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Anna",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Chard",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Hubert Department of Global Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public\nHealth, Atlanta, Georgia",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Craig",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Sineath",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health,\nAtlanta, Georgia",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Patrick",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Sullivan",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Department of Epidemiology, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health,\nAtlanta, Georgia",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Rob",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Stepheneon",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Hubert Department of Global Health and Department of Epidemiology, Emory\nUniversity Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia",
            "department": "None"
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": "2012-01-17T19:54:09Z",
    "date_accepted": "2012-01-17T19:54:09Z",
    "date_published": "2012-08-23T07:00:00Z",
    "render_galley": null,
    "galleys": [
        {
            "label": "",
            "type": "pdf",
            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/westjem/article/7306/galley/4355/download/"
        }
    ]
}