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{
    "pk": 8703,
    "title": "Prehospital Evaluation of Effusion, Pneumothorax, & Standstill (PEEPS): Point-of-care Ultrasound in Emergency Medical Services",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "Introduction: \nIn the United States, there are limited studies regarding use of prehospital ultrasound (US) by emergency medical service (EMS) providers. Field diagnosis of life-threatening conditions using US could be of great utility. This study assesses the ability of EMS providers and students to accurately interpret heart and lung US images.\nMethods\n: We tested certified emergency medical technicians (EMT-B) and paramedics (EMT-P) as well as EMT-B and EMT-P students enrolled in prehospital training programs within two California counties. Participants completed a pre-test of sonographic imaging of normal findings and three pathologic findings: pericardial effusion, pneumothorax, and cardiac standstill. A focused one-hour lecture on emergency US imaging followed. Post-tests were given to all EMS providers immediately following the lecture and to a subgroup one week later.\nResults:\n We enrolled 57 prehospital providers (19 EMT-B students, 16 EMT-P students, 18 certified EMT-B, and 4 certified EMT-P). The mean pre-test score was 65.2%±12.7% with mean immediate post-test score of 91.1%±7.9% (95% CI [22%-30%], p<0.001)). Scores significantly improved for all three pathologic findings. Nineteen subjects took the one-week post-test. Their mean score remained significantly higher: pre-test 65.8%±10.7%; immediate post-test 90.5%±7.0% (95% CI [19%-31%], p<0.001), one-week post-test 93.1%±8.3% (95% CI [21%-34%], p<0.001).\nConclusion:\n Using a small sample of EMS providers and students, this study shows the potential feasibility for educating prehospital providers to accurately identify images of pericardial effusion, pneumothorax, and cardiac standstill after a focused lecture.",
    "language": "en",
    "license": {
        "name": "Creative Commons Attribution 4.0",
        "short_name": "CC BY 4.0",
        "text": "Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.\r\n\r\nNo additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.",
        "url": "https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0"
    },
    "keywords": [
        {
            "word": "prehospital, ultrasound"
        }
    ],
    "section": "Prehospital Care",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5d73k92z",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Sundeep",
            "middle_name": "R.",
            "last_name": "Bhat",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford, California\nKaiser Permanente Santa Clara Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Santa Clara, California",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "David",
            "middle_name": "A.",
            "last_name": "Johnson",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Emergency Medicine Physicians, Department of Emergency Medicine, Mecklenberg, North Carolina",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Jessica",
            "middle_name": "E.",
            "last_name": "Pierog",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford, California",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Brita",
            "middle_name": "E.",
            "last_name": "Zaia",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Kaiser Permanente San Francisco Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, San Francisco, California",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Sarah",
            "middle_name": "R.",
            "last_name": "Williams",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford, California",
            "department": "None"
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Laleh",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Gharahbaghian",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford, California",
            "department": "None"
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": "2015-01-13T12:13:41-08:00",
    "date_accepted": "2015-01-13T12:13:41-08:00",
    "date_published": "2015-07-14T18:24:27-07:00",
    "render_galley": null,
    "galleys": [
        {
            "label": "",
            "type": "pdf",
            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/westjem/article/8703/galley/4992/download/"
        }
    ]
}