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{
    "pk": 32900,
    "title": "Language Differences in Face-to-Face and Keyboard-to-Keyboard Tutoring Sessions",
    "subtitle": null,
    "abstract": "Face-to-face and keyboard-to-keyboard tutoring sessions were recorded and analyzed as a first step in building a machine tutor that can understand and generate natural language dialogue. There were striking differences between these modes of interaction. The number of turns in an hour-long session dropped and so did the length of the sentences, although the number of sentences per turn stayed roughly the same. Students contributed 3 7 % of the words in the face-to-face sessions; their share dropped to 2 5 % in the keyboard sessions. Sentence structure is simpler in the keyboard sessions. The tutors ask more questions in the keyboard sessions; they explain this as a deliberate strategy to keep the dialogue going. The tutors also use a much wider range of expressions of acknowledgement in the keyboard sessions in a deliberate attempt to communicate verbally the kind of encouragement that is often expressed nonverbally in a face-to-face situation.",
    "language": "eng",
    "license": {
        "name": "",
        "short_name": "",
        "text": null,
        "url": ""
    },
    "keywords": [],
    "section": "Paper Presentations -- Computer Interfaces",
    "is_remote": true,
    "remote_url": "https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7dh9q229",
    "frozenauthors": [
        {
            "first_name": "Jai",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Seu",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Illinois Institute of Technology",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Ru-Charn",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Chang",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Illinois Institute of Technology",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Jun",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Li",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Illinois Institute of Technology",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Martha",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Evens",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Illinois Institute of Technology",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Joel",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Michael",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Rush Medical College",
            "department": ""
        },
        {
            "first_name": "Allen",
            "middle_name": "",
            "last_name": "Rovick",
            "name_suffix": "",
            "institution": "Rush Medical College",
            "department": ""
        }
    ],
    "date_submitted": null,
    "date_accepted": null,
    "date_published": "1991-01-01T18:00:00Z",
    "render_galley": null,
    "galleys": [
        {
            "label": "PDF",
            "type": "pdf",
            "path": "https://journalpub.escholarship.org/cognitivesciencesociety/article/32900/galley/23960/download/"
        }
    ]
}