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Preprints

Filtering by Subject: Earth Sciences

The Mesozoic Conundrum: Global Albedo Factors Resolve the Lack of Correlation Between Temperatures and CO2 Concentrations.

Ugo Bardi

Published: 2025-05-23
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Life Sciences, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Plant Sciences

The "Mesozoic Conundrum" refers to the lack of correlation between CO₂ atmospheric concentration and global mean surface temperatures in Mesozoic climate reconstructions (Judd et al., 2024). Here, I show that Mesozoic forest cover, proxied by carbon burial flux (Nelsen et al., 2016), correlates strongly (R²=0.88, p<0.01) with GMST across the Mesozoic (252–66 Ma before present). The analysis [...]

Space-time data-driven modeling of wildfire initiation in the mountainous region of Trentino–South Tyrol, Italy

Mateo Moreno, Stefan Steger, Laura Bozzoli, et al.

Published: 2025-05-23
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Multivariate Analysis, Probability, Statistical Models

Wildfires are complex hazards occurring worldwide, leading to substantial economic losses, fatalities, and carbon emissions. The interplay of climate change, land use alterations, and socioeconomic pressures is expected to further increase the frequency and intensity of wildfires. In this context, developing reliable, dynamic prediction tools is essential for risk mitigation. This work presents a [...]

Archaean basalts record evidence of lithospheric extension prior to cratonisation

Marthe Klöcking, Karol Czarnota, Ian H. Campbell, et al.

Published: 2025-05-23
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geochemistry, Geology, Geophysics and Seismology

The dynamics of Earth’s early mantle remain enigmatic. A wide range of tectonic settings have been proposed for the Archaean eon prior to cratonisation, a time from which few samples are preserved in the geological record. Here, we reexamine this topic by estimating temperatures and depths of melt generation in the late Archaean mantle using a new geochemical data compilation of mafic igneous [...]

Subsurface hydrothermal alteration mapping in the Reykjanes Geothermal area using a combined geoelectrical approach.

Lore Vanhooren, Elien Vrancken, Warre Dekoninck, et al.

Published: 2025-05-21
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Volcanology

The dynamic behavior of volcanic hydrothermal systems (VHS) and associated hydrothermal eruptions remains largely unknown, processes in VHS such as the circulation of hydrothermal fluids and formation of caprock give rise to a range of geophysical signals. Here we explore the combined use of three geo-electric methods: electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), induced polarization (IP), and [...]

Paleo extreme waves in the North Atlantic: geological evidence from Sal Island, Cape Verde Archipelago.

Alessio Rovere, Giovanni Scicchitano, Elisa Casella, et al.

Published: 2025-05-21
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geology, Geomorphology

The northwestern coast of Sal Island (Cape Verde Archipelago) is characterized by a rocky shoreline that is regularly impacted by Atlantic swells exceeding 4 m in height and 20 s in period. Yet, the only significant geomorphic expression of wave action is an extensive boulder ridge situated atop a rocky cliff, up to 80–100 m inland and between 10 and 15 m above present sea level. The presence of [...]

The OpenQuake Model Building Toolkit: A suite of tools for building components of a seismic hazard model

Marco Pagani, Kirsty Bayliss, Christopher Brooks, et al.

Published: 2025-05-16
Subjects: Earth Sciences

Building a probabilistic seismic hazard model is a complex task, requiring the integration of disparate datasets into one cohesive and comprehensive model. To facilitate this process, we have developed the OpenQuake Model Building Toolkit (OQ-MBTK), a collection of functions for constructing probabilistic seismic hazard models. This toolkit encompasses a wide array of functions essential for [...]

Holocene deglaciation of Prudhoe Dome, northwest Greenland

Caleb Kazunari Walcott-George, Nathan David Brown, Jason P. Briner, et al.

Published: 2025-05-15
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geomorphology

Projections of future sea-level rise benefit from understanding the response of past ice sheets to interglacial warmth. Constraints on the extent of inland Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) recession during the Middle Holocene (~8 – 4 ka) are limited because geological records of a smaller-than-modern phase largely remain beneath the modern ice sheet. We drilled through 509 m of firn and ice at Prudhoe [...]

Human Intelligence Forming in the Rhythm of Solar Activity

Viktor P Vasylyev

Published: 2025-05-10
Subjects: Atmospheric Sciences, Biology, Earth Sciences, Neuroscience and Neurobiology, Other Earth Sciences, Other Planetary Sciences, Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology

This study relates to environmental biology and examines a possible link between atmospheric radiation ecology, modulated by space weather, and human cognitive development by analyzing correlations of solar activity phenomena with various indicators of intellectual potential. A novel metric, the Proton Flare Index (PFI), is introduced to quantify the influence of high-energy solar proton events [...]

Solution of the Bloch Equation Based on Spectral Diagonalization and Matrix Exponential Integration: Modeling of SSFP for SNMR

Tingting Lin, Qingyue Wang, Chuandong Jiang, et al.

Published: 2025-05-09
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geophysics and Seismology, Hydrology, Soil Science

We present a spectral-diagonalization-based matrix exponential integration (SD-MEI) algorithm for efficient and stable solutions of fully coupled Bloch equations in surface nuclear magnetic resonance (SNMR). Conventional explicit numerical methods exhibit cumulative discretization errors and escalating computational costs due to step-size dependence and finite precision limitations. SD-MEI [...]

A Review of Atmospheric Micro/Nanoplastics: Insights into Source and Fate for Modelling Studies

Fei Jiang, Chengze Gao, Arthur W. H. Chan, et al.

Published: 2025-05-09
Subjects: Atmospheric Sciences, Earth Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Other Environmental Sciences

Micro/nanoplastics (MNPs), as emerging pollutants, have attracted increasing attention due to their potential adverse effects on human health, ecosystems, and climate. The rapid, turbulent, and large-scale nature of atmospheric transport facilitates both horizontal and vertical movement of MNPs over long distances within a short time, largely independent of topographical constraints, thereby [...]

Initial assessment of all-season Arctic sea ice thickness from ICESat-2

Alek Petty, Jack Landy, Alex Cabaj

Published: 2025-05-09
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology

We present an initial assessment of all-season Arctic sea ice thickness estimates from ICESat-2 by combining freeboard retrievals with all-season SnowModel-LG snow loading. ICESat-2 captures the key regional and seasonal patterns of Arctic sea ice variability and shows good agreement with CryoSat-2 all-season estimates, including regional patterns of inter-annual variability in summer ice [...]

Pliocene to Holocene deformation and earthquake potential of the Mesamávida fault, West Andean Thrust System of central-southern Chile (36ºS)

Ambrosio Vega-Ruiz, Joaquín Cortés-Aranda, Ricardo Aguilera, et al.

Published: 2025-05-09
Subjects: Earth Sciences

Crustal reverse faults are recognized for their potential to generate devastating earthquakes, making them a focus of seismic hazard assessment. Along the Chilean Andes, the Western Andean Thrust System (WATS)—a structure marking the Central Valley-Principal Cordillera border—includes several probable late Quaternary faults. However, evidence for large Holocene earthquakes (M~7) has only been [...]

The Apalachicola Barrier Island complex: a benchmark for MIS 5e (125 ka) sea-level oscillations?

Nikos Georgiou, Alexander Simms, Roger Cameron Creel, et al.

Published: 2025-05-05
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geology, Geomorphology

Coastal sandy barrier systems develop under moderate wave energy, sufficient sediment supply, and adequate accommodation space, and can preserve critical paleoenvironmental records of past sea-level variations, climatic shifts, and storm histories within their geomorphological and stratigraphic frameworks. Beach ridges, identifiable on both horizontal (ridge-swale morphology) and vertical [...]

Challenges in using modern pollen analogs for Cenozoic paleoecology: examples from the European Neogene

Valentí Rull

Published: 2025-05-05
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Plant Sciences

The use of modern pollen analogs in paleoecology is well established in Quaternary studies; however, the reliability of this approach decreases with increasing geological age due to evolutionary changes. Establishing a definitive chronological boundary beyond which modern pollen analogs remain reliable is currently unfeasible. This limitation affects not only paleoenvironmental reconstructions [...]

A SCALABLE MACHINE LEARNING MODELLING TOOL FOR MAPPING LANDSLIDE RUNOUT USING A CASE STUDY IN HAWKES BAY, NEW ZEALAND

Alex Stokes

Published: 2025-05-01
Subjects: Climate, Earth Sciences, Geology, Geotechnical Engineering, Other Statistics and Probability

Understanding landslide runout is crucial for land use planning, utility networks, and assessing infrastructure resilience on slopes. Recent guidance recommends incorporating landslide runout models along with climate change implications when assessing land for development. The advancement of machine learning (ML) techniques can offer new insights and a tool to be used alongside current methods. [...]

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