Preprints
Filtering by Subject: Earth Sciences
Wetter Winters, Drier Summers: Quantifying the change in hydrological response around the Puget Sound area using the wflow_sbm hydrological model and CMIP6 projections
Published: 2025-11-21
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Hydrology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Climate change is expected to impact hydrological regimes worldwide, including the Pacific Northwest of the United States. This study investigates how climate change will affect river discharge in the Puget Sound region of the State of Washington, with a focus on King and Pierce Counties. We simulated river discharge under historical and future conditions using the physically based, spatially [...]
Interplay between subsidence and sediment flux in the filling of the North Pyrenean retro-foreland basin during the Eocene (Corbières, France)
Published: 2025-11-18
Subjects: Earth Sciences
External forcings, such as climate and tectonics, influence sedimentary basin fills. In turn, sedimentary archives provide key information on variations in accommodation and sediment flux over time, which record paleoclimate and tectonic conditions. However, the impacts of accommodation and flux on sedimentation must be disentangled before understanding their specific influence on surface [...]
The slip distributions of the 1952 and 2025 Kamchatka earthquakes from tsunami waveforms recorded around the Pacific Ocean
Published: 2025-11-18
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geophysics and Seismology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The July 2025 Kamchatka earthquake (Mw 8.8) generated Pacific-wide tsunamis. Inversion of 40 DART bottom pressure records around the Pacific Ocean revealed a large (~ 9 m) slip at 200 – 400 km southwest of the epicenter, closely matching the USGS finite fault model based on teleseismic data. In this region, a similarly large megathrust earthquake (M ~ 9) occurred in 1952. The tsunami waveforms [...]
A generalized additive mixed-effect modeling approach for characterizing Sentinel-2 surface reflectances of visible light from Torch Lake in Antrim County, Michigan, 2019-2025
Published: 2025-11-18
Subjects: Applied Statistics, Earth Sciences, Environmental Monitoring, Hydrology, Longitudinal Data Analysis and Time Series, Statistical Methodology, Statistics and Probability
A generalized additive model (GAM) and three generalized additive mixed-effect models (GAMMs) were developed and compared to describe variations of surface reflectances of visible light from Torch Lake in the blue, green, and red bands from Sentinel 2 satellite imagery. All models included fixed effects associated with water-depth intervals, satellite orbits, trend, and smooth effects associated [...]
Lithological heterogeneity controls high-temperature ductile deformation and late melt infiltration in moderately-magmatic OCCs
Published: 2025-11-17
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geology, Tectonics and Structure
Oceanic core complexes (OCCs) are a fundamental component of slow-to-ultraslow spreading mid-ocean ridges, yet the processes that control OCC formation and evolution are poorly understood especially with respect to their high-temperature lithospheric roots. We present detailed analyses of high-temperature ductile deformation preserved in drill-core from IODP Hole U1601C, on the Atlantis Massif [...]
Canada's Landfill Methane Inventories: The Challenge of Accurate Modeled and Measurement-Based Emissions
Published: 2025-11-15
Subjects: Earth Sciences
We present a measurement-based assessment of methane emissions from 42 landfills across diverse climatic regions in Canada. Our findings reveal that emission rates predicted by the First Order Decay (FOD) model used by Environment and Climate Change Canada at the visited sites are substantially higher than most measured emission rates, on average by a factor of 3, particularly for cold and arid [...]
Integrated Geophysical and Hydrochemical Assessment of Groundwater Salinization in the Western Nile Delta, Egypt
Published: 2025-11-14
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Life Sciences
A total of integrated geophysical and hydrochemical investigations were conducted to characterize groundwater salinization in the western Nile Delta, Egypt. Twenty-five time-domain electromagnetic (TDEM) soundings and 30 water samples (depths 5–167 m) were used together with borehole logs and temporal comparison to 2012 datasets. One-dimensional TDEM inversion and 3-D resistivity modeling [...]
Temperature insensitive viscous deformation limits megathrust seismogenesis
Published: 2025-11-14
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Physics
Three models have been proposed to explain the downdip limit of the subduction seismogenic zone. The first is a temperature-controlled transition in rate-and-state frictional properties between 350–510°C, which inhibits earthquake nucleation. The second places the limit at the frictional and viscous failure envelope intersection. The third combines thermal and lithological controls, where 'warm' [...]
Palynofacies And Paleoenvironmental Studies of TDA-1 Well, Niger Delta Basin, Nigeria
Published: 2025-11-14
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The palynofacies and paleoenvironmental study of TDA-1 well, Niger Delta Basin, Nigeria between intervals of 6160 to 14470 feet (1878 to 4410 meter). The Niger Delta Basin is a crucial geological formation that has significant hydrocarbon reserves and supports diverse ecosystems where three main formations in ascending order are formed including the Paleocene Akata Formation, Eocene Agbada [...]
Crystalline silica content of natural, engineered, and synthetic stone products and their relation to silicosis policy development
Published: 2025-11-12
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geochemistry, Geology, Materials Science and Engineering, Public Health
Crystalline silica minerals – quartz, cristobalite, and tridymite – are hazardous when inhaled. They are at least an order of magnitude more toxic than crystalline silica-free inert mineral dusts. Workplace exposure to hazardous levels of crystalline silica is entirely preventable, yet accelerated silicosis is emerging in developed countries, from the fabrication of crystalline silica-rich [...]
Extratropical forcing of low-latitude subsurface oxygenation under future warming
Published: 2025-11-10
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology
The global ocean is losing oxygen under climate warming, yet most climate models project rising oxygen levels in low-latitude subsurface waters (~100–500 m), partly due to their enhanced ventilation. However, underlying drivers for the enhanced ventilation remain unclear. Here we demonstrate that the enhanced tropical subsurface ventilation is driven by extratropical forcing. While extratropical [...]
The Anthropocene: epoch, event, historical phase or nothing at all?
Published: 2025-11-10
Subjects: Earth Sciences
After its recent rejection as a geological epoch of the Geological Time Scale, t he Anthropocene is a concept in search of a definition, and action in this regard is urgently needed. Following its rejection, we can no longer speak of the Anthropocene in a general sense, as if everyone understood what it means. The greatest precision we can currently achieve is to state that the term refers to the [...]
Flood Radar: Multi-Sensor SAR-Based Flood Mapping and Evacuation Modeling — A Case Study of the July 2025 Texas Flood
Published: 2025-11-08
Subjects: Computer Sciences, Earth Sciences, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Planetary Sciences
Floods remain among the most destructive natural hazards worldwide, causing an average of USD 40 billion in annual damage and affecting more than 2.5 billion people between 1994 and 2014. The Central Texas flood of July 2025 was one of the most catastrophic in recent decades, triggered by the remnants of Tropical Storm Barry that delivered over 508 mm of rain within two days. This study presents [...]
Multi-Agent Geophysical AI Workflow for Automated Reservoir Characterization
Published: 2025-11-06
Subjects: Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Computational Engineering, Computer Sciences, Earth Sciences, Engineering, Geophysics and Seismology
Traditional geophysical workflows like reservoir characterization are driven in a collaborative manner where teams of geoscientists share their individual analyses to inform key decisions made by executives. However, these workflows are repetitive, time-consuming, prone to human error, and introduce subjective bias. While researchers have used automation to address these limitations via deep [...]
Relict landscapes and fluvial landforms: Catastrophic outflow following a major Late Messinian base-level fall
Published: 2025-11-06
Subjects: Analysis, Earth Sciences, Geology, Geomorphology, Hydrology, Mathematics, Physics, Stratigraphy
During the Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC), the entire Mediterranean basin experienced deep canyon incision along its margins as the result of sea-level variations and rapidly increasing salinity. Yet, the processes and water sources capable of generating such dramatic incision have never been quantitatively demonstrated. Using high-resolution 3-D seismic reflection data and paleo-stream network [...]