Preprints

There are 4486 Preprints listed.

Field geology under the sea with a remotely operated vehicle: Mona Rift, Puerto Rico

Uri S ten Brink, Jason D Chaytor, Or M Bialik, et al.

Published: 2024-03-18
Subjects: Earth Sciences

We implemented concepts of field geology at great ocean depths by constructing virtual outcrops from a string of overlapping video frames collected by remotely operated vehicles (ROV). This lower cost alternative to drilling boreholes allows stratigraphic extension into the offshore and for regional interpretation of marine seismic profiles. The imagery was collected along a dive transect on the [...]

A review on how Big Data can help to monitor the environment and to mitigate risks due to climate change

Jean-Philippe Montillet, Gaël Kermarrec, Ehsan Forootan, et al.

Published: 2024-03-18
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Climate change triggers a wide range of hydrometeorological, glaciological and geophysical processes that span across vast spatiotemporal scales. With the advances in technology and analytics, a multitude of remote sensing, geodetic and in situ instruments have been developed to effectively monitor and help comprehend the Earth's system including its climate variability and the recent anomalies [...]

Coral Ba/Ca reflected the past earthquake and tsunami on Kikai Island in 1911

Saori Ito, Tsuyoshi Watanabe

Published: 2024-03-18
Subjects: Geochemistry

Natural disasters like earthquakes and tsunamis significantly affect coral reefs and marine ecosystems. The Ryukyu Islands, including Kikai Island and the surrounding coral reefs, face the potential risk of experiencing a significant earthquake with Mw > 8. While historical records offer insights into past tsunami occurrences, there is scarce observation or quantitative data on the impacts of [...]

Spatiotemporal forecast of extreme events in a dynamical model of earthquake sequences

Hojjat Kaveh, Jean-Philippe Avouac, Andrew Mark Stuart

Published: 2024-03-17
Subjects: Earth Sciences

Seismic (‘earthquakes’) and aseismic (‘slow earthquakes’) slip events result from episodic slips on faults and are often chaotic due to stress heterogeneity. Their predictability in nature is a widely open question. Here, we forecast extreme events in a numerical model of a single fault governed by rate-and-state friction, which produces realistic sequences of slow events with a wide range of [...]

Reconciling ultra-emitter detections from two aerial hyperspectral imaging surveys in the Permian Basin

Yuanlei Chen, Evan David Sherwin, Erin B. Wetherley, et al.

Published: 2024-03-15
Subjects: Engineering

Reducing methane emissions from oil and gas operations is key to minimizing the climate impact of fossil fuels. Two comprehensive aerial studies in 2019 in the Permian Basin revealed excess emissions compared to official estimates. Although both studies suggested high emissions, the estimates from the two aerial surveys seemed to differ greatly: one study measured 153 (+12/-10, 95% CI) metric [...]

On evaporation kinetics of multicomponent aerosols: Characteristic times and implications for volatility measurements.

Andrey Khlystov

Published: 2024-03-15
Subjects: Environmental Engineering, Environmental Sciences, Transport Phenomena

This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the evaporation of individual compounds from an aerosol in vapor-free conditions, demonstrating that the evaporation of mixture components is interconnected via the ratio of their characteristic times. These characteristic times are proportional to the square of the initial particle diameter and inversely proportional to the compound saturation vapor [...]

ND70 series basaltic glass reference materials for volatile element (H2O, CO2, S, Cl, F) analysis and the C ionisation efficiency suppression effect of water in silicate glasses in SIMS analysis.

Yves Moussallam, William Henry Towbin, Terry Plank, et al.

Published: 2024-03-15
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics

We present a new set of reference material, the ND70-series, for in situ analysis of volatile elements (H2O, CO2, S, Cl, F) in silicate glass of basaltic composition. Samples have been synthesised in piston cylinders at pressures of 1 to 1.5 GPa at volatile-undersaturated conditions. They span concentrations from 0 to 6 wt.% H2O, from 0 to 1.6 wt.% CO2 and from 0 to 1 wt.% S, Cl and F. The [...]

Executive Summary: The Anthropocene Epoch and Crawfordian Age: proposals by the Anthropocene Working Group

Colin Neil Waters, Simon Turner, Zhisheng An, et al.

Published: 2024-03-15
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics

This is the Executive Summary of a report produced by the membership of the Anthropocene Working Group as part of a submission to the Subcommission on Quaternary Stratigraphy to seek formalisation of the Anthropocene as an epoch of geological time. It summarises the content of two reports and their associated appendices which provide a background to: the history of usage of the term Anthropocene, [...]

Brittle origin of off-fault fractures during the 2019 Ridgecrest earthquake sequence

Enrico Milanese, Camilla Cattania

Published: 2024-03-14
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geophysics and Seismology, Tectonics and Structure

According to the classical Mohr-Coulomb-Anderson theory, faults form at an angle from the largest regional compressive stress that is approximately 30° for most rocks. However, real settings are more complex and faults often present orientations inconsistent with the angles predicted by the classical theory applied to the present-day regional stress field. The Ridgecrest region hosts a young [...]

Experimental method for quantifying macroplastic fragmentation in rivers

Maciej Liro, Anna Zielonka, Paweł Mikuś

Published: 2024-03-14
Subjects: Life Sciences

Direct field measurements of macroplastic fragmentation during its transport in rivers are unavailable, and there is no method to perform such measurements. Recent theoretical works have hypothesised that river channels may be hotspots of macroplastic fragmentation. Here, we propose a methodology for quantifying riverine macroplastic fragmentation by conducting repeated measurements of tagged [...]

A Multiplex Rupture Sequence under Complex Fault Network due to Preceding Earthquake Swarms during the 2024 Mw 7.5 Noto Peninsula, Japan, Earthquake

Ryo Okuwaki, Yuji Yagi, Asuka Murakami, et al.

Published: 2024-03-14
Subjects: Geophysics and Seismology

A devastating earthquake with moment magnitude 7.5 occurred in the Noto Peninsula, central Japan. We estimate the rupture evolution of this earthquake from teleseismic P-wave data using the potency-density tensor inversion method, which can give spatiotemporal slip distribution including the information on fault orientations. The result shows a long and quiet initial rupture phase, which overlaps [...]

Assessing the mean output rate (MOR) of past effusive basaltic eruptions - a look at the postglacial volcanism of the Reykjanes Peninsula in Iceland

Birgir Vilhelm Oskarsson, Robert A. Askew, Halldór Guðmundsson

Published: 2024-03-14
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Volcanology

Volcanological approaches for assessing the effusion rate of past effusive volcanism are of great importance, to enable proper evaluation of the eruption magnitude and past tectono-magmatic conditions which are relevant for mitigating future volcanism. The reactivation of volcanism on the Reykjanes peninsula in 2021 after an 800-year hiatus, has incited the need for assessing the potential scale [...]

Different growth response of mountain rangeland habitats to annual weather fluctuations

Fabio Oriani, Helge Aasen, Manuel K. Schneider

Published: 2024-03-13
Subjects: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology

An accurate long-term monitoring of mountain rangelands is of primary importance for biodiversity conservation and sustainability of pastoral land use. In this study, we investigate how the seasonality of growth in nine habitats composing the alpine rangeland ecosystem responds to differences in weather conditions from year to year and how these changes occur along the elevation profile. We apply [...]

Turbulence and mixing from neighbouring stratified shear layers

Chih-Lun Liu, Alexis K. Kaminski, Bill Smyth

Published: 2024-03-13
Subjects: Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Studies of Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI) have typically modeled the initial mean flow as an isolated stratified shear layer. However, geophysical flows frequently exhibit multiple layers. As a step towards understanding these flows, we examine the case of two adjacent stratified shear layers {\color{black} using both linear stability analysis and direct numerical simulation}. With [...]

Carbon dioxide migration along faults at the Illinois Basin – Decatur Project revealed using time shift analysis of seismic monitoring data

Idris Bukar, Rebecca E. Bell, Ann Muggeridge, et al.

Published: 2024-03-12
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Environmental Sciences

Large scale underground storage of CO2 is being deployed worldwide to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. Modelling studies have investigated the possible risks from the CO2 migrating along faults, but this has not yet been observed. We were able to identify such CO2 migration at a commercial-scale, demonstration CO2 storage project, the Illinois Basin - Decatur Project, including [...]

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