Preprints
There are 6336 Preprints listed.
Explainable Machine Learning for Wheat Biomass Integrating Sentinel-1/2, PlanetScope and In-Situ Weather Data
Published: 2025-12-18
Subjects: Agriculture, Life Sciences
Global food security faces increasing challenges from climate change, making accurate monitoring of essential crops like wheat (Triticum aestivum) critical. This research introduces an explainable machine learning (ML) framework to estimate and forecast wheat above-ground biomass (AGB) in central Chile across the 2020–2023 growing seasons. The study uses a two-stage approach: first, in-season AGB [...]
Gutenberg-Richter-type earthquake size distributions: maximum likelihood estimation, unbiased estimation, and Bayesian forecasting
Published: 2025-12-18
Subjects: Geophysics and Seismology
Characterizing earthquake size distributions using the Gutenberg-Richter (GR) law is ubiquitous in seismology. According to the GR law, earthquake magnitudes follow an exponential distribution, with a rate parameter commonly represented by the b-value. For many applications, including seismic hazard and risk assessment, estimating the b-value is therefore a common procedure. However, the [...]
A review on ice-cores from temperate glaciers: processes, signal preservation, and paleoclimatic significance
Published: 2025-12-18
Subjects: Earth Sciences
Temperate glaciers, characterized by ice at the pressure melting point and the coexistence of solid and liquid water, are generally considered unsuitable as natural archives because meltwater undermines the paleoclimatic signals they hold. Historically, ice-core studies have favoured cold glaciers. However, the ongoing atmospheric warming is driving many formerly cold portions of glaciers toward [...]
Large-scale rotational extension triggered basin formation in interior East Antarctica
Published: 2025-12-18
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geology, Geophysics and Seismology, Glaciology, Tectonics and Structure
Recent sub-ice topography investigations have imaged with greatly improved detail a set of enigmatic low-elevation V-shaped basins hidden beneath a very large sector of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. Here we show that these basins form a semi-continental sized fan shaped physiographic unit which radiates from a pin point near the South Pole and name it the East Antarctic Fan-shaped Basin Province. [...]
El Niño amplified food insecurity in early modern Europe
Published: 2025-12-18
Subjects: Social and Behavioral Sciences
The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a dominant source of global inter annual climate variability, yet its long-term influence on food security remains poorly understood. Drawing on a recently compiled dataset of 160 European famines and a new high-resolution ENSO reconstruction, we show a robust correspondence between positive ENSO anomalies (El Niño events) and subsistence crises during [...]
Tidally-Driven Diapycnal Upwelling in a Rough Sloping Canyon
Published: 2025-12-18
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Turbulent mixing over rough topography shapes abyssal ocean dynamics, yet a gap between large- and small-scale models underscores the need to connect processes across scales. Using three-dimensional large eddy simulations (LES) with quasi-realistic sloping topography from a Brazil Basin canyon, we force an ocean model solely with a barotropic M2 tide body force, allowing internal waves, [...]
How Robust are Single Aliquot Regeneration paleo-doses using single grains of Quartz: The role of change in luminescence sensitivity during the measurement of natural luminescence
Published: 2025-12-18
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Luminescence dating using quartz is generally carried out using the single aliquot regeneration (SAR) protocol (Murray et al., 2021; Murray and Wintle, 2000). Singhvi et al. (2011) suggested a methodological improvement in the SAR protocol to account for the changes in the luminescence sensitivity during the readout of natural OSL signal. It was suggested that such changes are common and if not [...]
Heat stress as an emerging constraint on global dairy systems: global gridded CMIP6 projections and national-scale milk loss exposure
Published: 2025-12-17
Subjects: Agriculture, Animal Sciences
Dairy production is a key component of global food systems, providing essential nutrients and supporting rural livelihoods, but it is increasingly exposed to heat stress under climate change. Here, we present a spatially explicit global assessment of heat-stress exposure and potential milk-yield losses using bias-corrected CMIP6 climate projections at 0.25° resolution combined with gridded [...]
Resource expansion with uncertainty quantification of regolith-hosted REE deposits using radiometric data
Published: 2025-12-17
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Statistics and Probability
Rare earth elements (REE) are critical raw materials due to their essential role in modern technologies. In regolith-hosted REE (RH-REE) deposits a substantial fraction of the REE is present as ionically adsorbed, exchangeable cations on secondary clay minerals and amenable to mild extraction routes potentially being less environmentally disruptive than conventional hard-rock REE operations. [...]
South Atlantic abyssal temperature variability and trends at 34.5°S
Published: 2025-12-16
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Warming of abyssal waters in the South Atlantic has been reported in recent years. However, the variability of bottom temperatures and its implications for assessing linear trends have received limited attention. In addition to confirming positive temperature trends, this study documents substantial bottom-temperature variability, from tidal to annual time scales, captured by bottom moorings [...]
A Rapid Analytical Method for Predicting Injection Rates in Heterogeneous Reservoirs
Published: 2025-12-16
Subjects: Engineering
Maximum injection rate is a key criterion when screening subsurface hydrocarbon reservoirs or aquifers for possible EOR schemes or storage of hydrocarbon gas, hydrogen or carbon dioxide. It has to be high enough to achieve desired rates without risking the formation fracturing. Screening requires evaluation of thousands or millions of potential injection sites to identify those with favourable [...]
Caravan-Qual: A global scale integration of water quality observations into a large-sample hydrology dataset
Published: 2025-12-16
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Hydrology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Protecting and improving surface water quality is contingent upon understanding the trends and spatial patterns in physical, biological, and chemical conditions and their underlying drivers. This requires observational data, spanning a diverse range of water quality constituents, coupled with contextual environmental data. Here we present the first global-scale integration of water quality into [...]
National scale sub-meter time series mangrove mapping using Landsat imagery and deep transfer learning
Published: 2025-12-15
Subjects: Geography, Remote Sensing
Current mangrove time-series products are constrained to 25 m resolution, hindering precise delineation of boundaries, small patches, and internal structures, thus compromising area estimates and ecological assessments. Key barriers are the paucity of historical high-resolution imagery and high-quality labeled samples. To this end, we developed the Sub-meter Mangrove Transfer Learning Mapping [...]
Joint Rock Physics Inversion and Basin Modeling for Comprehensive Source Rock Characterization
Published: 2025-12-15
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geology, Geophysics and Seismology, Oil, Gas, and Energy, Sedimentology, Stratigraphy
This study presents an integrated workflow that combines statistical rock physics inversion with Monte Carlo basin modeling to comprehensively quantify source rock properties and their uncertainties. First, well-log and seismically-derived elastic properties are used in a statistical rock physics inversion to estimate porosity, kerogen content, and mineral fractions. These posterior distributions [...]
Lower crustal magmatic processes and andesite genesis at Shiveluch Volcano
Published: 2025-12-15
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The silicic melts that eventually erupt at arc volcanoes are produced in the lower crust, yet, the storage conditions of magma in the lower crust have not been the topic of extensive study. In this study, we conduct and analyze hydrous piston cylinder experiments to determine the mid-to-lower magma storage conditions of primitive melt at Shiveluch, an arc volcano located in northern Kamchatka. [...]