Preprints
There are 6969 Preprints listed.
Metabarcoding supports regional ocean acidification monitoring and identifies novel bioindicators in the Southern California Bight
Published: 2026-05-17
Subjects: Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology
The impacts of ocean acidification (OA) on marine communities are a growing concern for coastal upwelling ecosystems, such as the Southern California Bight (Bight). Successful management of coastal resources in the face of OA requires accurate assessment tools to understand the status and trends of OA impacts on biological communities. Current methods often rely on the condition of individual [...]
Identification of Stress-Resilient Maize Progenies under Drought and Low Nitrogen in West Africa Using Genotype × Environment Analysis and Multi-Trait Selection Indices
Published: 2026-05-17
Subjects: Agriculture
Maize productivity in West Africa is severely constrained by recurrent drought and low soil nitrogen availability, which results in strong environmental heterogeneity and complex genotype × environment interactions (G×E). Identifying breeding materials that combine productivity, stress resilience, and stability therefore requires analytical approaches that integrate multi-trait and [...]
CryoSentinel: A Multimodal Foundation-Model Segmenter for Glacial Lakes in High Mountain Asia from Sentinel-1 SAR, Sentinel-2 Optical, and Copernicus DEM Imagery
Published: 2026-05-17
Subjects: Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Environmental Monitoring, Geomorphology, Glaciology, Hydrology
Glacial-lake outburst floods (GLOFs) are the dominant climate-driven hazard in High Mountain Asia, and reliable lake-extent segmentation is the prerequisite for every downstream early-warning workflow. We present CryoSentinel, a multimodal foundation-model semantic segmenter built on the IBM/ESA TerraMind 1.0 Large encoder (1.1 B parameters) with a UperNet decoder, fine-tuned on 5,614 [...]
Calibrated spatial uncertainty for Earth observation foundation models via Matérn-motivated latent stochastic regularization
Published: 2026-05-17
Subjects: Environmental Monitoring, Remote Sensing, Spatial Science, Statistical Methodology, Statistical Models
Earth observation foundation models produce dense spatial embeddings that support transfer learning across sensors and regions, yet these representations carry no explicit spatial statistical model for covariance, smoothness, or uncertainty. Existing deep learning uncertainty methods produce per-pixel variance estimates that ignore spatial dependence, and their calibration is rarely assessed [...]
Transformation of climatologically anomalous water masses
Published: 2026-05-16
Subjects: Climate, Oceanography, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Wederiveanovelanomalous water mass budget framework in which water masses are defined by bounds on tracer anomalies rather than absolute tracer values, extending Water Mass Transformation (WMT) theory to ocean variability and extremes. The material derivative of tracer anomalies introduces three additional transformation terms absent from the standard WMT framework: advection of climatological [...]
Modeling Heterogeneous Subnational Climate Action through a Sectoral Tiering Framework: Implications for U.S. Decarbonization Pathways
Published: 2026-05-16
Subjects: Engineering, Social and Behavioral Sciences
State governments play a critical role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions to meet the United States’ Paris Agreement targets. However, states vary widely in their capacities and inclinations for enacting climate mitigation policies. Here, we present a sectoral tiering framework to assess state-level mitigation performance across sectors. We implement the tiering system in an integrated [...]
Petrogenic Carbon Oxidation and Its Impact on the Carbon Balance in the Ganga River Basin
Published: 2026-05-16
Subjects: Earth Sciences
Based on sampling and investigation spanning several years, we conduct a comprehensive assessment of petrogenic organic carbon (OCpetro) oxidation and evaluate the net carbon budget in the Ganga–Hooghly River (GHR) basin, extending from the Himalayan mountainous catchments to the floodplains in India. Our multi-proxy approach combines data on rhenium (Re) concentrations, radiocarbon (pMC), stable [...]
From clay raw materials to ceramics: mineralogical and geochemical markers for assessing refinement technologies and provenance in north-western Tuscany (Italy)
Published: 2026-05-16
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Understanding the provenance and selection of ceramic raw materials is essential for reconstructing past technological practices and production networks. Twenty-four clay outcrops from geological formations and deposits located near documented production sites in north-western Tuscany (Italy) were sampled, refined into experimental briquettes, and fired. The samples were characterised using a [...]
Slow dynamics under high confining pressure in saturated sandstone with pore pressure
Published: 2026-05-16
Subjects: Geophysics and Seismology, Mechanics of Materials
Slow dynamics is a time-dependent, nonlinear elastic behavior occurring in a variety of consolidated or damaged materials, including rocks. The influence of relative humidity and confining pressure on slow dynamics has been studied, but not that of full saturation and effective pressure. We show that slow dynamics is occurring under high confining pressure in fluid-saturated sandstone, if the [...]
Kaolin as a potential lithium source: a preliminary study of the Torniella ceramic raw material deposit (southern Tuscany)
Published: 2026-05-16
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The Torniella ceramic raw material deposit (southern Tuscany) is hosted within highly altered rhyolites of the Tertiary Tuscan magmatic province. Locally, kaolinite-rich veins occur, consisting of more 80% kaolinite, with minor quartz and traces of svanbergite, SrAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6. The bulk vein material shows interesting lithium (Li) contents, ranging from 1600 to 3700 mg/kg, with local [...]
A Vertical Equilibrium Model for CO2 Migration in Depleted Gas Fields
Published: 2026-05-15
Subjects: Engineering
This study extends the vertical equilibrium (VE) modeling framework to simulate multi-phase flow involving CO₂, methane, and brine in depleted gas reservoirs. Methane presence introduces complexity not captured in traditional VE models. The proposed model integrates a black-oil approximation with VE assumptions, reducing dimensionality and enabling rapid simulation of large-scale CO₂ injection. [...]
Drying summers threaten western North American river ecosystems and a keystone migratory fish
Published: 2026-05-15
Subjects: Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Hydrology, Water Resource Management
Climate change threatens river ecosystems by altering the seasonal streamflow patterns to which aquatic species have adapted, including keystone species like Chinook salmon in western North America. Chinook salmon display diverse life-history adaptations to local hydrologic regimes, contributing to their past resilience but leaving locally adapted populations vulnerable to changing conditions. [...]
Pakistan's Orographic Ladder: Terrain-Constrained Water Potential and the Atmospheric Mechanism Suppressing It
Published: 2026-05-14
Subjects: Atmospheric Sciences, Climate, Hydrology
Pakistan's north-south topographic gradient, 0 m at the Arabian Sea coast rising to 8,611 m at K2 across five distinct ridge systems, represents one of the largest orographic condensation machines on the planet. The terrain's theoretical water yield, set by Arabian Sea moisture flux and ridge geometry alone, far exceeds what Pakistan currently captures. We show that a single atmospheric variable, [...]
Can AlphaEarth Foundations Redefine the Paradigm of Gridded Population Mapping? A Systematic Evaluation across 18 Global Cities and Large-Scale Mapping Applications
Published: 2026-05-14
Subjects: Computational Engineering
Population mapping typically relies on census data and its update cycles, and is further constrained by manual feature engineering and limited cross-regional generalization. AlphaEarth Foundations (AEF) provides globally consistent, analysis-ready 64-dimensional annual surface embeddings, offering a new data foundation for reducing dependence on frequent census updates and enabling more [...]
Emerging climate–yield re-coupling in overexploited date palm oases: satellite evidence from a 22-year temporal decoupling index in southern Tunisia
Published: 2026-05-14
Subjects: Engineering
Southern Tunisia's date palm oases have quadrupled production over two decades while extracting fossil groundwater at more than twice the sustainable rate, a trajectory whose consequences remain undetected by conventional monitoring. We analysed the 2002–2024 satellite, climate, and ground record across four governorates to test whether this irrigation buffer — the aquifer's capacity to absorb [...]