Preprints
There are 7579 Preprints listed.
A Changing North Atlantic Background Amplifies Western European Heatwaves
Published: 2026-09-06
Subjects: Atmospheric Sciences, Climate, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Western European summer heatwaves have increased markedly since the 1990s, culminating in the record warmth of May–July 2026 since 1950. We show that this rise is closely associated with the slowly evolving North Atlantic background. We combine two leading April sea surface temperature modes, representing basin-wide warming and a tripole-like pattern, into an Atlantic Two-Mode Index (ATMI). The [...]
No detectable precursor in Sentinel-1 backscatter before the 26 August 2026 Langtang Lirung rock–ice avalanche, Nepal
Published: 2026-09-06
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geomorphology
On 26 August 2026 a rock–ice avalanche on the north face of Langtang Lirung, Nepal, initiated a debris flow and flood that ran roughly 100 km down the Lhende Khola, Bhote Koshi and Trishuli. Several contemporaneous reports asserted that satellite radar had tracked a month of accelerating slope movement before failure; that assertion has not been substantiated in published analysis. Using [...]
Station spacing bounds the recovery of rainfall extremes by interpolation: an independent-network test with consequences for landslide thresholds
Published: 2026-09-06
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Gridded rainfall products interpolated from gauge networks underpin landslide early warning, and a common view holds that their main deficiency in mountains is the omission of orographic enhancement. This study tests that view using an independent network: 464 mountain stations operated by the Korea Forest Service that do not enter the operational grid of the Korea Meteorological Administration. [...]
AxiSEM3D: efficient 3D wave propagation across scales and worlds
Published: 2026-09-06
Subjects: Geophysics and Seismology
We present a new, unified release of the AxiSEM3D seismic modelling code, which is able to rapidly and efficiently compute synthetic seismograms for the Earth and many other worlds. Over the past decade, separate and incompatible versions of AxiSEM3D's main branch have been developed and individually benchmarked, including new capabilities such as the inclusion of fluid oceans and atmospheres, [...]
A Unified Forearc Subsidence Model Based on the Three-Arc Unjoined Structure of the Honshu Arc
Published: 2026-09-06
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
This study reinterprets the subsidence, uplift, fault activity, and geomorphic development observed in the Nōbi Plain, Ise Bay, Lake Biwa, Wakasa Bay, and Osaka Bay through a new structural framework in which the Honshu Arc is understood as an incompletely joined system of three arcs. The Southwest Japan Arc (narrow sense), the Hida–Tamba Terrane, and the Northeast Japan Arc approached each other [...]
Agentic Large Language Model Workflows for Earth Observation: Tool Orchestration, Foundation-Model Adaptation, and the Evaluation Gap
Published: 2026-09-05
Subjects: Engineering
Large language model (LLM) agents have moved rapidly from general-purpose assistants to domain systems that orchestrate specialised remote-sensing models. Within roughly two years, geospatial agents have demonstrated reliable task planning across dozens of Earth Observation (EO) tasks, benchmark environments containing hundreds of tools, and fine-tuned open-weight controllers that outperform far [...]
BORDER OPTICS : Satellite Verification of India's Vibrant Villages Programme: A Compositing-Window Robustness Assessment of Border-Village Development
Published: 2026-09-05
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Environmental Education, Environmental Indicators and Impact Assessment, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Sciences, Environmental Studies, Geographic Information Sciences, Geography, Human Geography, Natural Resource Economics, Natural Resources and Conservation, Natural Resources Management and Policy, Nature and Society Relations, Physical and Environmental Geography, Remote Sensing, Spatial Science, Sustainability
Ask the Government of India if things have worked out for them with their flagship scheme for the Border Villages, the honest answer (on parliamentary record) is No, it has never been verified anywhere. The Vibrant Villages Programme (VVP-I) has approved around ₹4,800 crore in support of 2,967 villages in five Himalayan border states/union territories including 662 villages marked 'priority' for [...]
Deglacial Mass-Movement Floods as a Potential Source of Catastrophic Flood Traditions: A Testable Geomythological Hypothesis
Published: 2026-09-05
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geology, Geomorphology, Glaciology, Hydrology
Catastrophic flood traditions occur in many geographically separated cultures, but their possible geological substrates need not be uniform. Existing explanations include river floods, earthquake and volcanic tsunamis, glacial-lake outburst floods, postglacial sea-level rise, and cultural transmission. This paper proposes a complementary, explicitly testable hypothesis: during the terminal [...]
Methodological Bias between Trajectory Geometric Co-location and Air-Parcel Lagrangian Co-location: Evidence from UAV Re-penetration Observations over the Western Sichuan Plateau
Published: 2026-09-05
Subjects: Atmospheric Sciences, Meteorology
Whether "trajectory geometric co-location" is equivalent to "air-parcel Lagrangian co-location" remains a methodological blind spot in evaluating UAV cloud-seeding re-penetration (the UAV performed a repeated cloud penetration—hereafter, re-penetration—to re-sample the same cloud volume). Using silver iodide (AgI) seeding observations from a Wing Loong-2 UAV flight over the Western Sichuan [...]
Independent Verification of the European Climate Law's Effect on Nitrogen Dioxide Pollution: A Satellite-Derived, Difference-in-Differences Analysis
Published: 2026-09-05
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Environmental Studies, Geographic Information Sciences, Geography, International and Area Studies, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Physical and Environmental Geography, Remote Sensing, Spatial Science, Statistics and Probability
Testing the European Climate Law (Regulation (EU) 2021/1119) against a deliberately constructed external control group of nine non-EU countries (the United Kingdom, Norway, Switzerland, Iceland, Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Serbia), using a two-group Difference-in-Differences (DiD) model with country-clustered standard errors on a 36-country panel, produces [...]
ECOCIDE: Quantifying War-Time Environmental Damage: A Difference-in-Differences Analysis of the Kakhovka Dam Destruction
Published: 2026-09-05
Subjects: Applied Statistics, Biodiversity, Earth Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Geographic Information Sciences, Geography, Human Geography, International and Area Studies, Other Geography, Physical and Environmental Geography, Remote Sensing, Spatial Science, Statistical Methodology, Statistical Models, Statistics and Probability
Abstract: International law organisations are actively looking into declaring "ecocide" -- mass environmental destruction -- as a prosecutable international crime and in September 2024, Vanuatu, Fiji and Samoa submitted a proposed amendment to Rome Statute. No consistent, statistically sound method yet has been developed to document such a claim of harm, however, because prior environmental [...]
The Vulnerability Spiral: Compound Climate Risk Across Five Islands
Published: 2026-09-05
Subjects: Biodiversity, Earth Sciences, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Sciences, Environmental Studies, Geographic Information Sciences, Geography, Geomorphology, Hydrology, International and Area Studies, Marine Biology, Natural Resource Economics, Nature and Society Relations, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Other Environmental Sciences, Other Geography, Remote Sensing, Spatial Science, Statistical Methodology, Statistical Models, Sustainability
Small islands are widely assumed to face a compounding climate risk: high physical exposure to sea-level rise, layered on top of degrading natural coastal defenses. That assumption is rarely tested against independent, multi-temporal evidence, and rarely broken down by ecosystem type — so I tested it directly, across five islands spanning three ocean basins: Maldives, Lakshadweep, Seychelles, [...]
Systematic Evaluation of a Transformer-Based Surrogate for Distributed Groundwater Dynamics: Long-Horizon Prediction, Dynamic–Static Fusion, and Data Augmentation
Published: 2026-09-05
Subjects: Engineering, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Transformers are increasingly reshaping artificial-intelligence-based Earth system prediction, yet their suitability for distributed groundwater surrogate modeling remains poorly understood. Groundwater dynamics combine strong temporal persistence with spatial interactions governed by heterogeneous hydrogeological conditions. These characteristics make attention-based architectures potentially [...]
Competing Psychological Pathways Linking Age and Individual and Collective Pro-Environmental Behavior Intentions: The Role of Conservatism
Published: 2026-09-04
Subjects: Environmental Studies
Promoting pro-environmental behavior (PEB) across the lifespan is critical for achieving an effective response to climate change. This may particularly be important in later life, as older adults hold substantial economic resources and electoral influence, enabling them to shape societal responses to environmental challenges. However, they have also been found to be more likely than younger [...]
Healthcare professionals at the frontline of Climate Change: knowledge, attitudes, and practices
Published: 2026-09-04
Subjects: Public Health
Healthcare professionals (HCPs), as trusted cadre of community, play a crucial role advocating climate action to reduce its impact on health. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitudes, practices and perceived responsibilities (KAPP), associated factors, of healthcare providers in Karachi, Pakistan, regarding climate change and its associated health effects. We conducted a [...]