Preprints
There are 7834 Preprints listed.
A survey of transverse drainages in the Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania
Published: 2026-10-15
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
While large-scale transverse drainages (TDs) such as those of the Susquehanna River above Harrisburg, PA, have been recognized since the nineteenth century, no systematic surveys have been done of TDs since Ver Steeg (1930). A topographic and statistical analysis of TDs in the Susquehanna River basin using Google Earth® and associated overlays identified 653 TDs in the study area, 95% of which [...]
Active hazardous slow faults drive drainage evolution in the Atacama Desert
Published: 2026-10-15
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geology, Geomorphology, Hydrology, Tectonics and Structure
The Atacama Desert of the Central Andean forearc is the driest non-polar region on Earth, where extremely low erosion rates preserve geomorphic markers over Myr timescales. Between 19°S and 20°S, subtle Quaternary east-vergent reverse faults deform the west-sloping landscape and disrupt drainage development. This setting provides a unique opportunity to investigate fault evolution, uplift [...]
Insights into magmatic processes at Shishaldin Volcano based on satellite and airborne volcanic gas measurements and magma degassing models
Published: 2026-10-15
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Shishaldin Volcano is a remote and frequently active basaltic volcano with eruptions in 2019–2020 and 2023 that exhibited notable variations in monitoring signals and explosivity. Here we combine complementary ultraviolet (TROPOMI) and infrared (IASI) satellite SO2 observations with airborne gas measurements, petrologic constraints, and degassing models to investigate magma degassing processes [...]
Time-mean Tropical Circulation in an Idealized Moist GCM: Dependence on Zonally Asymmetric Forcings
Published: 2026-10-15
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
This study investigates how the time-mean tropical circulation is affected by zonally varying surface boundary conditions in an idealized moist aquaplanet model. We compare a zonally symmetric control with two perturbation cases driven by prescribed zonal wavenumber-1 heating and cooling patterns of varying intensities, creating tropical warm and cold pools. The forcings substantially slow the [...]
Erosion sensitivity of rock organic carbon oxidation reinforces CO2 release at high erosion rates
Published: 2026-10-15
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Oxidation of rock organic carbon (OCpetro) can exert a substantial control on atmospheric CO2 over geological timescales, yet the erosion sensitivity of this reaction has proved challenging to isolate and quantify due to the covariation of erosion with other environmental variables in many existing datasets. Here we apply the rhenium (Re) proxy to quantify OCpetro oxidation across a three [...]
Structural Geothermal Plays in the Lower Carboniferous Limestone, East Midlands, UK: Insights from Legacy Geophysical Data
Published: 2026-10-14
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Lower Carboniferous Limestone (LCL) is a promising geothermal target in Britain, but uncertainty in subsurface structure and permeability limits resource assessment. Here, we use the Welton area of the East Midlands, where legacy hydrocarbon exploration data provide detailed subsurface coverage, to investigate the controls on LCL geothermal prospectivity. We integrate 3D seismic reflection, well, [...]
ConLoRA-Sat: Parameter-Efficient Synthetic Satellite Imagery Generation for Data-Scarce Humanitarian Contexts
Published: 2026-10-14
Subjects: Computer Engineering, Geographic Information Sciences, Remote Sensing, Spatial Science
Data scarcity constrains Geospatial Artificial Intelligence (GeoAI) in regions such as the Horn of Africa. One example is United Nations peacekeeping training, which needs fictitious yet geographically plausible terrain rather than identifiable real locations. This article presents ConLoRA-Sat, a framework that generates satellite imagery with controllable land cover, together with a segmentation [...]
Lixa v0.1.2: an open-source, image-informed framework for closed-loop design of leaching processes for domestic critical-mineral recovery, from the pore to the plant scale
Published: 2026-10-14
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Engineering, Geochemistry, Hydrology, Mining Engineering, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Leaching takes a metal out of a rock and into a solution. In the United States, rare earth elements, lithium and scandium occur mostly in rocks where the metal is thinly spread through a porous matrix: weathered clays, coal ash, lithium claystones and bauxite residue. For such rocks the leaching recipe (reagent, concentration, temperature, particle size, liquid-to-solid ratio and contact time) [...]
Deteriorating climate conditions for Australian wheat production
Published: 2026-10-14
Subjects: Climate
Wheat yields are highly sensitive to climate extremes, but previous studies risk underestimating their influence due to a reliance on highly aggregated agricultural data. Here we combine nationwide farm-level agricultural data with machine learning to identify the key drivers of Australian wheat yield and assess how climate conditions for wheat production have changed over recent decades. We find [...]
Worldwide water gaps: Using relative elevation modelling to identify transverse drainages
Published: 2026-10-14
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Transverse drainages are stream reaches that flow through, rather than around, topographic high grounds. The development of transverse drainage is intimately tied to the tectonic history of an area, but the identification of transverse reaches has historically been a matter of subjective opinion. Here, a GIS-based method is presented that uses relative elevation modelling to identify and [...]
Modelling the connections between internally and externally drained basins using GIS, Google Earth©, and remote sensing
Published: 2026-10-14
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The development of internal drainage is intimately tied to the tectonic and climatic history of an area, but research into the exact causes and processes of internal drainage is constrained by the ability to accurately delineate both internally and externally draining watersheds. Until recently, existing global catalogs of internally drained regions were either hand-drawn or based upon digital [...]
Reconstruction of ancestral drainage patterns in an internally draining region, Fars Province, Iran
Published: 2026-10-14
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Google Earth imagery is used here in conjunction with a Geographic Information System to identify transverse drainages and recreate paleodrainage in an internally draining region in Iran. At least thirty-five water gaps and thirty-four wind gaps are shown to exist in the region, as well as evidence for an integrated paleodrainage that originated north of the internally draining region and [...]
Feature-Relative Deployment Optimisation of Ice-Tethered Buoy Arrays in the Southern Ocean
Published: 2026-10-14
Subjects: Oceanography, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The Southern Ocean marginal ice zone is critical for climate dynamics and sea-ice model validation, yet remains severely undersampled due to costly deployment and short buoy lifetimes. The sea-ice edge shifts by hundreds of kilometres between years, so fixed-coordinate optimisation fails when future ice conditions are unknown. This paper presents a robust multi-objective framework that encodes [...]
The July 2026 North American wildfire smoke event was three times deadlier due to climate change
Published: 2026-10-13
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
In mid-July 2026, numerous fast-burning wildfires affected western Ontario and northern Minnesota, resulting in extensive smoke plumes across eastern North America. Here, we conduct a rapid attribution analysis of the 14–21 July smoke event, quantifying the change in wildfire smoke (WFS) PM2.5 concentrations and mortality compared to a counterfactual world without anthropogenic climate change [...]
Who Breathes Worse? Socio-economic Deprivation and PM2.5 in India
Published: 2026-10-13
Subjects: Environmental Studies, Geography, Social and Behavioral Sciences
Air pollution in India has intensified rapidly, alongside substantial population growth across regions with highly uneven socioeconomic and developmental conditions. Ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is among the leading environmental contributors to premature mortality in India, where national average concentrations exceed the World Health Organization guideline by an order of magnitude. [...]