Preprints
There are 7655 Preprints listed.
Can a Data Repository Survive a Crisis? Development of the Repository Crisis Scorecards
Published: 2026-09-18
Subjects: Earth Sciences
Disaster scenarios are not usually considered by scientists when publishing or archiving data. The goal is often to satisfy more immediate needs and requirements of funders, journal publishers, or collaborators. Yet, recent events around the globe, combined with the increased need for high-quality data to solve large-scale problems, have highlighted the vulnerability of data stored in [...]
Compound Supershear Rupture During the 2026 Venezuela Earthquake Doublet
Published: 2026-09-18
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geophysics and Seismology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The 24 June 2026 Venezuela earthquake doublet occurred along a complex transform-fault system. Teleseismic P waves encompassing both cataloged events were analyzed using potency density tensor inversion with seven structure models. All models indicate predominantly eastward rupture over approximately 220 km, including several stages of supershear propagation. Three apparent rupture stalls [...]
The single-pair unwrapping ceiling is a property of the track, not of the radar
Published: 2026-09-18
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geomorphology
The half-fringe limit of a repeat-pass interferogram is quoted as a property of the sensor: a quarter wavelength of line-of-sight displacement per pair. On a slope it is not. Sensitivity to downslope motion is f = |m · u|, and at a mountain source f varies with the track, with the site, and across the source itself. We compute f per pixel over 500 m source discs at two rock–ice avalanche sources, [...]
Biomarkers Thermal Maturity Parameters in Bitumen as a Proxy for Seismic vs. Aseismic Mirror-like Fault Surfaces
Published: 2026-09-18
Subjects: Geology
Mirror-like Surfaces (MSs) are ultra-polished fault surfaces that experimental studies have shown can form during seismic and aseismic deformation (slip rates ≈1 m/s vs. <0.0001 m/s). To determine which MSs form during seismic (rapid temperature increase) or aseismic (negligible temperature increase) slip along the fault, we measured sterane and hopane thermal maturity parameters in bituminous [...]
New insights into rift evolution from data-constrained burial and thermal histories at the northern South China Sea margin
Published: 2026-09-18
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geology
The evolution of the rifted margin of the northern South China Sea challenges predictions of previous models but a knowledge gap still exists regarding how thermal history varies at different locations and times of rifting. International Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expeditions 367/368/368X collected samples of sediment that can be used to model the thermal evolution at different rifting stages [...]
Seasonal variation of earthquake source characteristics of the long-duration Palghar swarm, western India
Published: 2026-09-18
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geophysics and Seismology, Tectonics and Structure
A swarm sequence initiated in November 2018 in the Palghar region near the western coast of India, and continued with high intensity for two years. About 8300 earthquakes were found with horizontal and depth uncertainties of ≤ 1.5 km after relocation. The earthquakes were distributed along two narrow N-S oriented clusters, separated by ~5 km. We performed time-domain regional waveform full moment [...]
Unlocking Blue Carbon's Potential Requires Targeted Uncertainty Reductions
Published: 2026-09-18
Subjects: Climate, Earth Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Natural Resources Management and Policy, Oceanography, Sustainability
Coastal “blue” carbon ecosystems like swamps and marshes are among the most efficient natural carbon sinks on Earth. Consequently, restoring and conserving these wetlands is gaining interest from private and government stakeholders as a nature-based solution to offset greenhouse gas emissions and generate revenue through carbon credits. However, the financial viability of blue carbon crediting is [...]
Incommensurate Global Cold-Seep Area Constructions and Their Consequences for an Iron-Bound Organic-Carbon Stock
Published: 2026-09-18
Subjects: Life Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Global biogeochemical inventories require a spatial domain that is commensurate with the measured concentration, sediment mass, and ecosystem state. We re-evaluate the area term used by Ye et al. (2026) to estimate 142–218 Tg C of iron-bound organic carbon (Fe-OC) in the upper 30 cm of mature cold-seep sediment. Two primary results emerge. First, Ye et al. state that cold seeps occupy less than [...]
Causal Network Analysis of Heavy Snowfall Systems: North American Great Lakes vs. Sea of Japan Coast
Published: 2026-09-18
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
This study conducts a hydro-climatic comparative analysis of two regions prone to heavy urban snowfall: the eastern shores of the North American Great Lakes (Lake-Effect Snow: LES) and the coast of the Sea of Japan (Sea-Effect Snow: SES). We introduce a quantitative metric—water vapor conversion efficiency (η= snowfall amount /PW)—and apply a data-driven causal discovery framework (DirectLiNGAM). [...]
A Global Event-Based Benchmark for Tide and Surge Models Beyond the Tide Gauge
Published: 2026-09-18
Subjects: Oceanography, Other Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology
Coastal flood hindcasting and forecasting form the foundation of effective risk management in coastal regions. They drive emergency response efforts and inform the design of coastal defenses, adaptation strategies, and evidence-based policy. Global coastal sea level models are traditionally validated using time-series regression metrics (i.e., Root Mean Square Error [RMSE], Mean Absolute Error [...]
Coupled Physics-Based and Machine Learning Streamflow Modeling with High-Resolution Flood Inundation and Impact Assessment for Hurricane Florence (2018): A Case Study of the Neuse River at Goldsboro, North Carolina
Published: 2026-09-18
Subjects: Computer Engineering, Earth Sciences, Education, Engineering, Environmental Monitoring, Planetary Hydrology, Probability
Hurricane Florence made landfall in North Carolina in September 2018 and produced record or near-record river stages across the Neuse River basin, including at United States Geological Survey (USGS) gauge 02089000 near Goldsboro. This study presents an end-to-end hydrological and floodmapping workflow that couples a semi-distributed, physics-based rainfall-runoff model (Physics V3.5) and a [...]
Forecasting Lives Lost to Climate Change: A Precautionary Empirical Framework for Climate-Related Mortality
Published: 2026-09-17
Subjects: Environmental Sciences
Climate-related mortality remains underdeveloped in climate-risk assessment, despite extensive evidence that climate change affects food security, extreme events, conflict risk, and several health outcomes. This study develops a simplified, precautionary empirical framework to estimate climate-related mortality across selected pathways using historical relationships among population, [...]
Azores–Canaries mantle plume interactions revealed by seismic imaging
Published: 2026-09-17
Subjects: Earth Sciences
Mantle plumes transport heat and material from the deep Earth towards the surface, yet how neighbouring plumes interact and influence mantle flow remains poorly understood. The Azores--Madeira--Canaries region, which hosts several closely spaced mantle upwellings, provides a unique opportunity to investigate these processes. Here we use data from the UPFLOW experiment, an unprecedented [...]
Evaluating Biochar Crediting Protocols for Durable Carbon Removal
Published: 2026-09-17
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Social and Behavioral Sciences
As biochar expands as a source of carbon credits it has become increasingly clear that there are major differences among biochar protocols. This variation can make it challenging for producers to choose protocols and can make it difficult for buyers to understand the comparative value of different certified biochar credits, and in both these cases investor confidence is jeopardized. Here we [...]
Approaches and challenges in estimating economic loss from tsunami damage models
Published: 2026-09-17
Subjects: Applied Statistics, Earth Sciences
Tsunami damage assessment as a field has been steadily gaining momentum in the scientific community, and one of the most common ways in which damage has been quantified is by fragility functions. However, how tsunami damage models can be applied to practical disaster risk management is still relatively underexplored. An important aspect of disaster risk management is loss estimations. Loss [...]