Preprints
There are 7840 Preprints listed.
Characteristics and consequences of H2O undersaturation and low melt fertility in mountain belt interiors
Published: 2026-10-15
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geology, Tectonics and Structure
Continental deformation and crustal magmatism in orogenic settings are fundamentally linked to fluid availability and melting processes. Critical rheological transitions occur at approximately 7% melt volume, whereby melt-film connectivity reduces rock strength by as much as c. 90%, and at 20%, marking an onset of solid-to-liquid behaviour. The Mesoproterozoic Grenville orogen in Canada provides [...]
A steadily flowing glacier and no detectable precursor before the 11 October 2026 Budhi Gandaki rock–ice avalanche and flood, Nepal
Published: 2026-10-15
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geomorphology
On 11 October 2026 at about 04:20 local time, a rock–ice avalanche at the head of the Ungilung Khola, on the southern slopes of Chamar (7,165 m) in Gorkha District, Nepal, became a debris flow and flood that travelled down the Syar Khola and the Budhi Gandaki. I reconstruct the event from free satellite data (Sentinel-1, Sentinel-2, Landsat 8/9, ITS_LIVE and NISAR), official records and my own [...]
Near-term climate impacts are roughly linear in cumulative CO2 emissions
Published: 2026-10-15
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Environmental Studies
Understanding the relationship between CO2 emissions and human well-being is central to informing climate policy. While global temperature change is proportional to cumulative CO2 emissions, many human outcomes respond nonlinearly to climate variation. As a result, the magnitude of the effect of a quantum of CO2 on these outcomes is ambiguous. Here we demonstrate that the impact of climate change [...]
Linking Hemispheric Warming Asymmetry to Anthropogenic Waste Heat
Published: 2026-10-15
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Physics
This paper proposes a potential link between the observed hemispheric warming asymmetry and the distribution of population and per capita energy consumption. Nearly 87% of the world’s population resides in the northern hemisphere, where per capita energy consumption has also been substantially higher than in the southern hemisphere. Consequently, anthropogenic waste heat discharged into the [...]
Contrasting elevation-dependent warming and snowfall changes in the Karakoram and Central Himalaya
Published: 2026-10-15
Subjects: Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology
High Mountain Asia shows strong regional differences in climate and glacier change, yet how future warming and precipitation responses vary with elevation remains unclear. Here, we examine elevation-dependent changes in near-surface temperature, snowfall fraction, snowfall amount and rain–snow transition elevations across glacier-containing grid cells of the Karakoram–Himalaya. We analyse a [...]
GeONet: Geometry-Encoded Operator Network for Predicting Flow in Heterogeneous Porous Media
Published: 2026-10-15
Subjects: Civil and Environmental Engineering, Computer Engineering, Earth Sciences, Engineering, Environmental Sciences, Mathematics, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Rapid prediction of pressure-driven flow in microfluidic porous-media analogs is important for experimental design, tracer-test interpretation, and real-time digital-twin development for subsurface energy and critical mineral science applications. High-fidelity numerical simulators resolve geometry-controlled flow in heterogeneous pore networks, but their computational cost limits repeated [...]
A survey of transverse drainages in the Susquehanna River basin, Pennsylvania
Published: 2026-10-15
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
While large-scale transverse drainages (TDs) such as those of the Susquehanna River above Harrisburg, PA, have been recognized since the nineteenth century, no systematic surveys have been done of TDs since Ver Steeg (1930). A topographic and statistical analysis of TDs in the Susquehanna River basin using Google Earth® and associated overlays identified 653 TDs in the study area, 95% of which [...]
Active hazardous slow faults drive drainage evolution in the Atacama Desert
Published: 2026-10-15
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geology, Geomorphology, Hydrology, Tectonics and Structure
The Atacama Desert of the Central Andean forearc is the driest non-polar region on Earth, where extremely low erosion rates preserve geomorphic markers over Myr timescales. Between 19°S and 20°S, subtle Quaternary east-vergent reverse faults deform the west-sloping landscape and disrupt drainage development. This setting provides a unique opportunity to investigate fault evolution, uplift [...]
Insights into magmatic processes at Shishaldin Volcano based on satellite and airborne volcanic gas measurements and magma degassing models
Published: 2026-10-15
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Shishaldin Volcano is a remote and frequently active basaltic volcano with eruptions in 2019–2020 and 2023 that exhibited notable variations in monitoring signals and explosivity. Here we combine complementary ultraviolet (TROPOMI) and infrared (IASI) satellite SO2 observations with airborne gas measurements, petrologic constraints, and degassing models to investigate magma degassing processes [...]
Time-mean Tropical Circulation in an Idealized Moist GCM: Dependence on Zonally Asymmetric Forcings
Published: 2026-10-15
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
This study investigates how the time-mean tropical circulation is affected by zonally varying surface boundary conditions in an idealized moist aquaplanet model. We compare a zonally symmetric control with two perturbation cases driven by prescribed zonal wavenumber-1 heating and cooling patterns of varying intensities, creating tropical warm and cold pools. The forcings substantially slow the [...]
Erosion sensitivity of rock organic carbon oxidation reinforces CO2 release at high erosion rates
Published: 2026-10-15
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Oxidation of rock organic carbon (OCpetro) can exert a substantial control on atmospheric CO2 over geological timescales, yet the erosion sensitivity of this reaction has proved challenging to isolate and quantify due to the covariation of erosion with other environmental variables in many existing datasets. Here we apply the rhenium (Re) proxy to quantify OCpetro oxidation across a three [...]
Structural Geothermal Plays in the Lower Carboniferous Limestone, East Midlands, UK: Insights from Legacy Geophysical Data
Published: 2026-10-14
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Lower Carboniferous Limestone (LCL) is a promising geothermal target in Britain, but uncertainty in subsurface structure and permeability limits resource assessment. Here, we use the Welton area of the East Midlands, where legacy hydrocarbon exploration data provide detailed subsurface coverage, to investigate the controls on LCL geothermal prospectivity. We integrate 3D seismic reflection, well, [...]
ConLoRA-Sat: Parameter-Efficient Synthetic Satellite Imagery Generation for Data-Scarce Humanitarian Contexts
Published: 2026-10-14
Subjects: Computer Engineering, Geographic Information Sciences, Remote Sensing, Spatial Science
Data scarcity constrains Geospatial Artificial Intelligence (GeoAI) in regions such as the Horn of Africa. One example is United Nations peacekeeping training, which needs fictitious yet geographically plausible terrain rather than identifiable real locations. This article presents ConLoRA-Sat, a framework that generates satellite imagery with controllable land cover, together with a segmentation [...]
Lixa v0.1.2: an open-source, image-informed framework for closed-loop design of leaching processes for domestic critical-mineral recovery, from the pore to the plant scale
Published: 2026-10-14
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Engineering, Geochemistry, Hydrology, Mining Engineering, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Leaching takes a metal out of a rock and into a solution. In the United States, rare earth elements, lithium and scandium occur mostly in rocks where the metal is thinly spread through a porous matrix: weathered clays, coal ash, lithium claystones and bauxite residue. For such rocks the leaching recipe (reagent, concentration, temperature, particle size, liquid-to-solid ratio and contact time) [...]
Deteriorating climate conditions for Australian wheat production
Published: 2026-10-14
Subjects: Climate
Wheat yields are highly sensitive to climate extremes, but previous studies risk underestimating their influence due to a reliance on highly aggregated agricultural data. Here we combine nationwide farm-level agricultural data with machine learning to identify the key drivers of Australian wheat yield and assess how climate conditions for wheat production have changed over recent decades. We find [...]