Preprints
There are 7858 Preprints listed.
Hydroclimatic change reorganizes karst spring discharge in the Alpine region across discharge regimes and karst-system properties
Published: 2026-10-20
Subjects: Hydrology
Karst springs are important water resources for the Alpine region and are particularly sensitive to hydroclimatic change due to their comparably short response times. Yet how their hydroclimatic responses differ among discharge regimes and karst systems with different storage properties remains poorly understood. We analyzed 85 karst springs across the wider Alpine region over 2003-2022 to assess [...]
Fitful but sustained rupture of the 2026 Mw 7.6 Venezuela earthquake
Published: 2026-10-20
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geophysics and Seismology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The devastating 2026 Venezuela earthquake was cataloged as a doublet of \Mw~7.2 and 7.5 events. Combining NISAR and ALOS-2 Synthetic Aperture Radar data, teleseismic source imaging, and ensemble Kalman inversion of multiple moment tensors and dynamic rupture simulations, we show that the 2026 Venezuela earthquake was instead a single \Mw~7.6 event with variable rupture speed and seismic moment [...]
Storm-Level Independent Verification of Operational Cloud Seeding: Seven Seasons of Utah's Program, 2016-2025
Published: 2026-10-20
Subjects: Atmospheric Sciences, Fresh Water Studies, Meteorology
Operational winter cloud seeding programs claim precipitation increases of 3-15%, but the evaluations supporting these claims are produced by program operators using target/control methods that cannot separate seeding effects from operator storm selection: storms are seeded precisely when atmospheric conditions favor the target areas. This study performs, to the author's knowledge, the first [...]
Ecosystem community structure shapes carbon dynamics in the ocean
Published: 2026-10-19
Subjects: Climate, Marine Biology, Oceanography, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Understanding how marine ecosystems influence air–sea CO2 flux under climate change remains a major uncertainty in ocean carbon-cycle projections. Progress is hampered by insufficient representation of ecosystem complexity in climate models and insufficient observations for developing and calibrating complex marine ecosystem models. We present a novel three-branch ensemble of the PlankTOM12 [...]
The Ill-Posed Question of Global Mean Temperature
Published: 2026-10-19
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Other Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The question "Does a global temperature exist?" was answered in the negative by C. Essex, R. McKitrick, and B. Andresen (EMA), who showed that different choices of mean yield different signs of the global temperature trend. We take EMA’s result as our point of departure and argue that its root cause is more fundamental than the particular data set or averaging formula employed: the very notion of [...]
Same computation, different scenes: a single-site comparison of Sentinel-2 L2A composites from Google Earth Engine and Microsoft Planetary Computer
Published: 2026-10-18
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Environmental Sciences
Google Earth Engine (GEE) and Microsoft Planetary Computer (MPC) distribute Sentinel-2 Level-2A surface reflectance, and their outputs can be combined in one time series. Over a 73 ha cattle farm in northern Colombia, we tested whether the two platforms yield the same parcel-scale vegetation and water indices and, where they differ, whether the difference originates in the product (the L2A [...]
Semi-analytic reference solutions for 3D controlled-source electromagnetics: a conductive sphere beneath Gaussian topography in a layered earth
Published: 2026-10-18
Subjects: Geophysics and Seismology
Three-dimensional forward codes for controlled-source and transient electromagnetics are verified mostly by comparison with one another when the model contains topography and a compact body in a layered host. We present terrasphere_csem, an open-source semi-analytic reference for this coupled problem. A Gaussian hill or depression forms the surface of a horizontally layered earth, and a [...]
Multi-objective optimisation of natural flood management for community-level property damage reduction using a physically based distributed hydrological model
Published: 2026-10-18
Subjects: Engineering
Natural flood management (NFM) at the catchment scale requires cost-effective spatial configurations that maximise flood risk reduction while minimising implementation cost. Existing studies often assess predefined scenarios at catchment outlets, limiting systematic portfolio evaluation and community-scale impact assessment. This study couples the fully distributed, physically based SHETRAN [...]
Leveraging satellite data and machine learning to quantify rooftop rainwater harvesting reliability and tank requirements for schools and health care facilities in Uganda
Published: 2026-10-18
Subjects: Civil and Environmental Engineering, Earth Sciences, Environmental Engineering, Environmental Sciences, Geography, Hydrology, Remote Sensing, Water Resource Management
Many schools and health facilities in Uganda lack a reliable water supply, yet most have roofs that could collect rain. For 41,592 facilities (32,881 schools and 8,711 health facilities), we estimated how much water their roofs can supply, how large a tank each one needs, and how often that supply fails. Roof areas came from AI-derived building footprints (Google Open Buildings v3) and daily [...]
Synergistic Use of Multitemporal SAR and Optical Data with Random Forest Approach for Rice Mapping in Bangladesh
Published: 2026-10-18
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Accurate in-season crop mapping is vital for national food security, yet traditional ground-based estimation methods in Bangladesh often lack precision. This study develops a robust machine-learning framework to map Boro rice in the Manikganj district by integrating Sentinel-1 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) and Sentinel-2 optical imagery. To overcome the challenge of seasonal cloud cover, [...]
Why Bandung heard the September 2026 Anak Krakatau eruption and Jakarta did not: eruption timing, ray tracing and search-interest evidence, compared with April 2020
Published: 2026-10-17
Subjects: Atmospheric Sciences
During the night of 4–5 September 2026, residents of the Bandung area, 240–300 km from Anak Krakatau, reported repeated booms and rattling windows, while Jakarta, 150 km from the volcano, reported almost none. The Indonesian meteorological agency (BMKG) first judged the volcano too distant and the winds unfavourable, then attributed the booms to the eruption. We test the volcanic explanation with [...]
Paraglider flight logs as hypsometers: daily temperature profiles of an Alpine valley, its diurnal heating, and the nearly level ceiling of thermals
Published: 2026-10-17
Subjects: Atmospheric Sciences, Meteorology, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology
A paraglider flight recorder stores both pressure and GNSS altitude: together they turn routine flight logs into hypsometric measurements of layer-mean virtual temperature. From 86 369 IGC logs of the Valais, Swiss Alps, quality screening retains 13 520 dedicated-instrument flights on 437 days in 2011–2026; 392 days provide at least one profile layer supported by ten flights. At midday, between [...]
Long-term increases in station-derived drought near Apalachicola National Forest, Florida
Published: 2026-10-16
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Long local weather records can reveal changes in drought exposure, but a drought index calculated at one station must be distinguished from soil-water measurements across a forest. We updated daily temperature and precipitation observations at Tallahassee airport and recomputed the Keetch-Byram Drought Index (KBDI) with explicit quality control, rainfall interception, and missing-data rules. [...]
Earth's Bad Decades: A Sedimentary Record of the Chicxulub Aftermath from the New Jersey Coastal Plain and Offshore
Published: 2026-10-16
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geochemistry, Geology, Geophysics and Seismology, Sedimentology, Stratigraphy
The New Jersey Coastal Plain (NJCP) preserves records of the Chicxulub impact approximately 2,500 km from the crater, providing a unique archive of ejecta fallout, sediment reworking, ecological disruption, and recovery following the end-Cretaceous mass extinction. Preservation of impact deposits varies with depositional setting. Offshore sections beneath the NJ continental shelf and slope [...]
Monitoring Carbon Hotspots in Patchy Landscapes from Sparse Lidar and Dense Satellite Time Series
Published: 2026-10-15
Subjects: Environmental Indicators and Impact Assessment, Environmental Monitoring, Natural Resources and Conservation, Natural Resources Management and Policy
Monitoring aboveground biomass (AGB) stocks as an indicator of carbon storage is essential for climate mitigation, adaptation, and land management. Across much of Earth’s land surface, carbon stocks are concentrated in fine-scale hotspots, including isolated trees in pastures, shrub patches in tundra, and riparian vegetation in drylands. These carbon hotspots are vulnerable to change but are [...]