Preprints
There are 6758 Preprints listed.
The 2025 𝑀𝑤 7.1 Tingri (South Tibet) Earthquake: Rupture of Normal Conjugate Optimally Oriented Faults, Shallow Coseismic Slip Deficit, and Early Afterslip
Published: 2026-04-04
Subjects: Geophysics and Seismology, Tectonics and Structure
On 7 January 2025, a magnitude 7.1 earthquake struck Tingri County at the south of the Tibetan Plateau, China, producing widespread damage in the Lhatse-Sa'gya-Tingri region and adjacent areas. The earthquake ruptured a pair of conjugate north-south striking normal faults in the Dengmecuo graben, and was the largest normal earthquake instrumentally recorded in the region. We use Interferometric [...]
Design Rationale of the JcupLT Coupling Library: Lessons Learned from Jcup Development and Applications
Published: 2026-04-04
Subjects: Atmospheric Sciences, Other Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Software Engineering
Coupling libraries are essential infrastructure for multi-component simulations in weather, climate, and earth system modeling. Jcup is a coupling library developed since 2007 and applied to a wide range of coupled simulations, including atmosphere–ocean coupling, land surface modeling, seismic–structural coupling, and AI-integrated simulations. Through nearly two decades of development and [...]
A nearly 1.5 millennia long record of North Atlantic climatic forcing recorded in tree-ring growth records from Angstel/Vecht Delta, the Netherlands (1283 BCE-156 CE)
Published: 2026-04-04
Subjects: Earth Sciences
The impact of multi-annual to decadal climatic cycles on tree-ring growth remains understudied. Here, we analyse a nearly one-and-a-half-thousand-year-long tree-ring chronology (1283 BCE–156 CE) based on bog oaks from an alder carr environment in the Angstel-Vecht delta in the Netherlands to assess the influence of multi-year climatic oscillations on tree-ring growth and the origin of the [...]
Survey Protocol Cards for Crop Maps
Published: 2026-04-04
Subjects: Agriculture, Computer Engineering
Crop type maps underpin food security decisions yet their accuracy depends on label quality, which in turn depends on survey design choices made under tight budgets. Survey planners must allocate limited resources across GPS devices, stratification strategies, sample size, worker training, and verification protocols, but lack quantitative guidance on which investments yield quality crop maps. We [...]
Multi-Sensor Monitoring of Wetland Inundation Using a Machine Learning and Data Fusion Framework
Published: 2026-04-03
Subjects: Applied Statistics, Earth Sciences, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Sciences, Hydrology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Statistics and Probability
Continuous, high-resolution inundation data are needed to understand how small-scale, short-term wetland flooding influences global methane emissions and carbon cycling. Small (less than 1,000 m²), variably inundated wetlands are significant methane sources, yet coarse satellite products often miss their dynamics. Integrating optical and radar imagery with resolutions less than 30 m offers a [...]
Spatial Assessment of Urban Flood Vulnerability in Polk County, Iowa Using a Social–Ecological–Technological Framework
Published: 2026-04-03
Subjects: Environmental Indicators and Impact Assessment, Geographic Information Sciences
Flood impacts are shaped not only by environmental or economic consequences but also by the social, ecological, and infrastructural conditions that influence how communities experience and recover from hazards. This study aims to assess multi-domain flood vulnerability across Polk County, Iowa utilizing a Social–Ecological–Technological Systems (SETS) framework. Eighteen indicators were [...]
The Anthropocene as a Multi-Level Stability Landscape Regimes, Transitions, and Reorganization of the Human–Earth System
Published: 2026-04-02
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Environmental Studies, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Social and Behavioral Sciences
Understanding the evolution of the human–Earth system over decadal-to-centennial timescales remains a central challenge in Earth system science. The Anthropocene is commonly described using trajectories, tipping elements, and scenario pathways, which capture non-linear dynamics but do not provide a unified representation of regime structure and transitions at planetary scale. Here we introduce a [...]
Multidisciplinary perspectives on Shishaldin Volcano: an open-system, deforming volcano
Published: 2026-04-02
Subjects: Geophysics and Seismology, Volcanology
The integration of multidisciplinary data across multiple eruptions is essential to improve our understanding of a volcanic system. Shishaldin Volcano is one of the most active volcanoes in Alaska, with several reported eruptions over the last 300 years. We synthesize multidisciplinary datasets going back to 1997 and focus our analyses on the 2014–2015, 2019–2020, and 2023 eruptive periods. We [...]
Meteorological Drought Magnitude, Duration, and Intensity in the Past and Future Climate of Eastern Tigray, Northern Ethiopia
Published: 2026-04-02
Subjects: Environmental Sciences
Drought assessment is a critical component of risk management in the comprehensive analysis of drought impacts. This study assessed the meteorological drought events under the past and future climate of Eastern Tigray, Northern Ethiopia, with the principal objective of enhancing early warnings and better drought disaster response mechanisms. To predict future climate, delta scenarios were created [...]
Analysis of Orbit Determination Error Impact on Clutter Doppler Frequency for Space-Based Early Warning Radar
Published: 2026-04-02
Subjects: Aerospace Engineering
The accuracy of clutter Doppler frequency in space-based early warning radar (SBR) directly determines moving target detection performance, and satellite orbit determi-nation error is a important cause of clutter Doppler deviation. Taking satellite position and velocity in the Geocentric Celestial Reference System (GCRS) as core variables, this paper derives the analytical expression of clutter [...]
Poor environmental conditions, food and water insecurity, neighborhood perceptions, and self-reported physical and mental health in four disadvantaged urban communities in Salvador, Brazil: a cross-sectional study.
Published: 2026-04-02
Subjects: Public Health
Emerging evidence suggests an association between environmental conditions and mental well-being. While the physical health impacts of environmental exposures such as contaminated drinking water or open sewers are well-documented with respect to the spread of infectious diseases, the mental health implications of these poor environmental conditions and exposures are less well understood, [...]
A simple model for wind-driven ocean circulation in unbounded domains
Published: 2026-04-02
Subjects: Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology
An idealized barotropic model satisfying a Stommel–type vorticity balance is formulated for wind–driven circulation in a zonally unbounded channel with spatially varying bottom drag, motivated by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current through Drake Passage. An explicit solution is obtained in the high–drag passage and a Sverdrup interior with western boundary layer is derived in the weak–drag basin; [...]
Dilution drives deep degassing of sulfur in hydrous magmas
Published: 2026-04-02
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Sulfur (S) is thought to degas deep from hydrous magmas (e.g., arc basalts), in contrast to water-poor magmas where S degasses at very shallow depths (e.g., KÄ«lauea, mid-ocean ridge basalts). Our modelling of degassing shows this occurs for magmas that are both reduced (i.e., S is present predominantly as H2S in the vapor and dissolved sulfide in the melt) and oxidised (i.e., SO2 in the vapor and [...]
A new diagnostic of air-sea interaction reveals ocean control of turbulent heat flux in the South Asian Summer Monsoon
Published: 2026-04-02
Subjects: Atmospheric Sciences, Climate, Oceanography
Air-sea interaction plays a central role in the South Asian summer monsoon, with processes such as surface turbulent heat fluxes, upper ocean mechanical mixing, surface buoyancy forcing, and surface moisture fluxes providing bridges between the ocean and atmosphere. The air-sea heat flux responds to internal variability in the ocean and atmosphere, as well as feedbacks arising from their [...]
Stress testing insurance market stability under climate risk
Published: 2026-04-01
Subjects: Environmental Engineering, Other Earth Sciences, Other Environmental Sciences, Risk Analysis
Extreme weather events exert increasing pressure on communities in hazard-prone areas and on the systems designed to protect them. Insurance serves as a risk-transfer mechanism, providing financial security for homeowners and supporting community resilience. Yet, behind this first layer of protection lies a complex web of reinsurers, capital markets, and public institutions that absorb and [...]