The Geological Pathway Diversity Model (GPDM): A Unified Classification and Predictive Framework for Anomalous Luminous Phenomena

John Carter 

Anomalous luminous phenomena - recurring visible plasma events at fixed geographic locations, reported globally over centuries as earth lights, earthquake lights, and spook lights - lack a unified physical classification system and predictive framework. We present the Geological Pathway Diversity Model (GPDM), which proposes that these phenomena share a common underlying mechanism - Freund's p-hole charge carrier activation in stressed crystalline rock - implemented through geologically diverse amplifier structures. The GPDM classifies sites into five primary types based on geological amplifier character: Type I (sulfide-amplified continuous discharge), Type I-S (serpentinite/piezomagnetic discharge), Type II (episodic locked fault activation), Type II-T (thermal-assisted arid fault discharge), and Type III (metallic terminal charge-focusing discharge), with formal exclusion categories for organic chemiluminescent emission (Type IV) and infrasound-induced perceptual events (Type IV-A). Three reference sites are fully characterized at peer-reviewed geological resolution: Hessdalen (Norway, Type I), Brown Mountain (North Carolina, USA, Type II), and La Peña de Juaica (Colombia, Type III). A global registry of 25+ candidate sites across four continents is presented with classification confidence assessments. The GPDM further proposes an electromagnetic modulation layer in which discharge timing is controlled by telluric current intensity, Schumann resonance state, and the global atmospheric electric circuit - all driven by solar activity and geomagnetic variation. A novel falsifiable dual lead-time prediction is presented: discharge events should correlate with elevated Kp index (≥5) at 24-48 hours and anomalous Schumann resonance third or fourth mode amplitude at 1-7 days preceding the event. A companion Subtraction Methodology for investigative field practice is described. The GPDM is presented as a hypothesis-generating classification framework pending validation through coordinated multi-instrument monitoring at reference sites.