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The Vulnerability Spiral: Compound Climate Risk Across Five Islands

The Vulnerability Spiral: Compound Climate Risk Across Five Islands

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Authors

SAKSHI D. MASKE 

Abstract

sea    level    rise    stacked    on    top    of    degrading    natural    coastal    defenses.    That    assumption    is    rarely    tested    against
independent,    multi    temporal    evidence,    and    rarely    broken    down    by    ecosystem    type,    so    I    tested    it    directly,
across    5    islands    spanning    3    ocean    basins    (Maldives,    Lakshadweep,    Seychelles,    Fiji,    and    the    Canary    Islands).
I    treated    mangrove    decline    and    coral    reef    degradation    as    2    separate    pathways,    always    kept    apart,    never
folded    into    a    single    mixed    category.    Physical    exposure    came    from    settlement    level    elevation    data;
mangrove    extent    I    tracked    across    3    independent    time    points    (1996,    2010,    2020);    coral    condition    came    from
a    24    year,    monthly    sampled    satellite    derived    thermal    stress    record    (1996–2020).    Coral    reef    systems    show    a
measurable,    rising    bleaching    stress    trend    in    4    of    5    islands,    most    severely    in    Seychelles.    Mangroves,
assessed    at    the    same    3    independent    time    points    but    without    a    comparable    continuous    trend    test,    show    no
measurable    decline    in    any    of    the    3    islands    where    they're    present,    so    the    assumption    that    ecosystem    decline
is    uniform    doesn't    hold    up.    Combine    physical    exposure    with    the    coral    thermal    stress    trend    into    a    composite
vulnerability    score,    and    Seychelles,    the    highest    exposure    island    on    the    settlement    based    measure    in    this
sample,    stays    the    highest    overall    compound    risk    once    coral    thermal    stress    is    factored    in    too.    Population
weighted    exposure,    after    fixing    an    incomplete    boundary    polygon    that    had    been    letting    open    water    leak    into
the    calculation    (see    Section    6),    now    shows    a    different    order.    Maldives    (14.9%)    sits    marginally    ahead    of
Seychelles    (14.2%),    close    enough    that    I    read    it    as    a    near    tie    between    the    2    highest    exposure    islands    and    not
a    clean    disagreement    with    the    other    measures.    An    earlier    version    of    this    analysis,    built    on    a    DEM    data
quality    problem    later    traced    and    fixed,    made    Maldives    and    Lakshadweep    look    far    more    exposed    than    they
are,    creating    an    appearance    of    disagreement    between    indicators    that    didn't    actually    reflect    anything    real
once    the    underlying    data    was    fixed.    I    also    ran    a    supplementary    test    of    whether    formal    protected    area
coverage    aligns    with    this    empirically    verified    risk,    and    found    a    positive    relationship    whose    p    value    crosses
the    conventional    0.05    threshold    on    this    small,    4    island    sample    (r=0.965,    p=0.035).    It's    a    result    I    still    read
with    caution,    since    it    rests    on    so    few    data    points.    It's    a    strong    signal    on    its    own,    but    it    doesn't    confirm    that
governance    actually    responds    to    risk.    A    descriptive    comparison    of    settlement    expansion    (2016–2024)    adds
a    3rd    corroborating    signal,    since    Seychelles    shows    the    clearest    built    up    increase    in    its    broader    settled    area
while    Fiji    shows    none.    In    short,    coastal    ecosystem    degradation    doesn't    happen    the    same    way    across
ecosystem    types,    and    that    has    a    direct    effect    on    how    adaptation    and    conservation    resources    should    be
prioritized.

DOI

https://doi.org/10.31223/X5M50Q

Subjects

Biodiversity, Earth Sciences, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Sciences, Environmental Studies, Geographic Information Sciences, Geography, Geomorphology, Hydrology, International and Area Studies, Marine Biology, Natural Resource Economics, Nature and Society Relations, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Other Environmental Sciences, Other Geography, Remote Sensing, Spatial Science, Statistical Methodology, Statistical Models, Sustainability

Keywords

SEA LEVEL RISE, COASTAL VULNERABILITY, CORAL REEF BLEACHING, DEGREE HEATING WEEK, SMALL ISLAND STATES, MANGROVE EXTENT, COMPOUND VULNERABILITY SCORE, PROTECTED AREA GOVERNANCE, GEOSPATIAL REMOTE SENSING, SETTLEMENT ENCROACHMENT

Dates

Published: 2026-09-05 08:41

Last Updated: 2026-09-11 06:02

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License

CC BY Attribution 4.0 International

Additional Metadata

Conflict of interest statement:
None

Data Availability:
https://github.com/sakshimaske303-commits/DOUBLE-JEOPARDY

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