Peter L Ward

Heat is currently defined as an amount of thermal energy flowing each second per unit area. Temperature is assumed to result from the net amount of heat flowing—the sum of all radiative forcings. Yet direct and unambiguous observations of Nature show that macroscopic temperature of solid matter results from a very broad spectrum of sub-microscopic oscillations of all the bonds holding matter together. Observed amplitudes of oscillation can be calculated for any temperature using Planck’s empirical law. Temperatures in Nature are averaged, not added. Similarly heats, which are also two-dimensional spectra of frequencies and amplitudes, must be averaged not added together. Temperature flows through matter, air, and space only from warm to cool by simultaneous resonance at all frequencies of oscillation. These new insights into temperature, heat, and thermal energy show several fatal problems with greenhouse warming theory and provide new ways to understand sub-microscopic physics.