Clara Abu , Christopher Aiden-Lee Jackson , Malcolm Francis

Submarine landslides (slides) are some of the most voluminous sediment gravity-flows on Earth and they dominate the stratigraphic record of many subaqueous basins. The general kinematics and internal structure of slides are relatively well-understood, although the way in which they increase in volume and internally deformed as they evolve, and how these processes relate to the development of their basal (shear) surface, remains largely unknown. We here use three high-resolution 3D seismic surveys (two broadband time-migrated seismic reflection datasets and a depth-migrated volume) from the Angoche Basin, offshore Mozambique to undertake detailed mapping and intra-slide strain analysis of a shallowly buried, large, and thus well-imaged submarine landslide (c. 530 km3). We also provide detailed documentation of the along-strike variations in the structural style and evolution of the toe region, and how these relate to the overall emplacement of the slide. Seismic attribute analysis image several key kinematic indicators, including broadly NW-trending (i.e., flow-parallel) lateral margins, longitudinal shears, and sub-orthogonal shears in the main body of the deposit, and broadly NE-trending (i.e., flow-normal) symmetric pop-up blocks in the toe region. The slide exhibits varying degrees of frontal emergence along strike, displaying a single frontal (toe) wall in the SW to a more complex, stair-step geometry in the NE. Basal grooves are noticeably absent, with a key observation being that contractional structures are locally observed c. 7 km downdip of the present toe wall. Based on the distribution of and cross-cutting relationship between intra-slide structures, we propose an emplacement model involving two distinct phases of deformation; (i) bulk shortening, parallel to the overall SE-directed emplacement direction, accommodated by the formation of NE-trending symmetric pop-up blocks bound by fore-thrusts and back-thrusts; and (ii) the development of NW-trending sinistral shear zones that offsets the earlier formed shortening structures, and which possibly formed due a spatial variations the evolving rock strength as the flow arrested, resulting in intra-slide flow cells. We infer the basal shear surface or zone incrementally propagated downdip ahead of the developing slide mass, with distal contractional structures being the expression of rather cryptic, updip sliding of the entire sediment mass. Our study demonstrates the value of using 3D seismic reflection data to study the structure and emplacement kinematics of slides, and the complex strains that can arise due to temporal and spatial variations in sediment rheology.