Thibault Candela, Maarten Maarten Pluymaekers, Jean Paul Ampuero , Jan-Diederik van Wees, Loes Buijze, Brecht Wassing, Sander Osinga, Niels Grobbe, Annemarie Muntendam-Bos

The induced seismicity in the Groningen gas field, The Netherlands, presents contrasted spatio-temporal patterns between the central area and the south west area. Understanding the origin of this contrast requires a thorough assessment of two factors: (1) the stress development on the Groningen faults, and (2) the frictional response of the faults to induced stresses. Both factors have large uncertainties that must be honored and then reduced thanks to observational constraints. The present contribution builds upon the previous work of Candela et al. (2019), which was focused on the frictional response, and extends it by taking into account uncertainties in the stress development and by evaluating the relative effect of both factors. Ensembles of induced stress realizations are built by varying the Poisson’s ratio in a poro-elastic model incorporating the 3D complexities of the geometries of the Groningen gas reservoir and its faults, and the historical pore pressure distribution. The a-priori uncertainties in the frictional response are mapped by varying the parameters of a seismicity model based on rate-and-state friction. The uncertainties of each component of this complex physics-based model are honored through an efficient data assimilation algorithm. By assimilating the seismicity data with an Ensemble-Smoother, the prior uncertainties of each model parameter are effectively reduced, and the posterior seismicity rate predictions are consistent with the observations. Our integrated workflow allows us to disentangle the contributions of the main two factors controlling the induced seismicity at Groningen, induced stress development and fault frictional response. Posterior distributions of the model parameters of each modelling component are contrasted between the central and south west area at Groningen. We find that, even after honoring the spatial heterogeneity in stress development across the Groningen gas field, the spatial variability of the observed induced seismicity rate still requires spatial heterogeneity in the fault frictional response. This work is enabled by the unprecedented deployment of an Ensemble-Smoother combined with physics-based modelling over a complex case of reservoir induced seismicity.