Jugurtha Kariche 

This paper focuses on the study of the temporal evolution of seismicity and the role of fluids during major earthquake sequences that occurred in the central Apennines and Southern Walker Lane belt-Eastern California Shear Zone over the last two decades: The 1997 Colfiorito sequence, the 2009 L’Aquila sequence, the 2016 Amatrice-Norcia sequence, and the 2019 Ridgecrest sequence. The availability of different high-quality seismic catalogs offers the opportunity to evaluate in detail the temporal evolution of the earthquake's size distribution (or b-value) and propose a physical explanation based on the effect of the fluid flow process in triggering seismicity. For all seismic sequences, the b-value time series show a gradual decrease from a few months to one year before mainshocks. The gradual decrease in the b-value is interpreted in terms of coupled fluid-stress intensity as a gradual increase in earthquake activity due essentially to the short-term to intermediate-term pore-fluid fluctuations. For the 2016 Amatrice-Norcia sequence and the 2019 Ridgecrest sequence, the temporal variation of the b-value during the foreshock sequence is characterized by a double b-value minimum separated by a short-lived b-value increase as observed in laboratory experiments on water-saturated rocks. Based on laboratory experiment results, the observed short–term fluctuation of the b-value is presented here as an accelerating crack growth due essentially to the fluid flow instability. Despite that the occurrence of seismic precursors could have been predictable in areas with high dense seismic networks, the different b-value time series show difficulty to establish a correspondence between the duration of the foreshock activity and the magnitude of the next largest expected earthquake. This may suggest that the spatial and temporal evolution of fluid migration controls the size of the ruptures.