Anqi Chen, Bo-Lin Lin

The gap between current emission trend and the expected 1.5 °C warming target forces the deployment of different carbon dioxide removal technologies (CDRs). Even though large discrepancies and uncertainties presents in studies investigating the CDR potentials, costs and side effects of bio-energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS), direct air capture with CO2 storage (DACCS) and enhanced weathering (EW), determining the appropriate actions to take in light of these uncertainties represents a core challenge of current research. Herein, under the proposed CRAMS, we estimated the CO2 removal target to hold warming below 1.5 °C and re-calibrated the CO2 removal potentials of CDRs against experimental data. The quantitative evaluation of both energetic and temporal cost provide certainties for CO2 removal. Our findings suggested that the insufficiency and limitation of BECCS, DACCS and EW in combination call for techno-economic breakthroughs to these CDRs as our only way to reverse the temperature overshoot back to 1.5 °C in the future.