James Panton , J. Huw Davies , Paula Koelemeijer, Jeroen Ritsema, Robert Myhill 

The two ``large low velocity provinces'' (LLVPs) are broad, low seismic wave speed anomalies in Earth's lower mantle beneath Africa and the Pacific Ocean. Recent research suggests they contain relatively dense subducted oceanic crust (SOC), but the relative concentration of this recycled material within them is an open question. Using simulations of 3-D global mantle circulation over the past 1 Gyr, we find that two antipodal LLVPs develop naturally as a consequence of Earth's recent subduction history and the gravitational settling and stirring of SOC. Shear-wave velocity reductions in the two LLVPs are similar due to the dominating influence of temperature over composition. However, the formation histories are distinct. Circum-Pacific subduction of oceanic lithosphere has continuously replenished the Pacific LLVP with relatively young SOC since 300 Ma, while the African LLVP comprises older, well-mixed material. We estimate that the Pacific LLVP is enriched in SOC by up to 53% compared to the African LLVP and therefore more dense and less buoyant, potentially contributing to the height difference between the two structures.