Catherine Nakalembe , Alana Ginsburg, Taryn Devereux

Earth Observation (EO) technology continues to gain momentum for applications like crop monitoring and food security mapping across Africa. However, the development of these systems and the direction of the sector, even for locally relevant datasets, applications, and solutions, has been and remains largely externally driven. We utilized a database of "leading organizations" in EO for Machine Learning" and partnerships in African space programs to investigate the landscape of EO for Agriculture in Africa. We analyze key actors based on origin, activities, funding sources, and other factors. Results reveal an imbalance where most African EO activities are directed by non-African entities, highlighting data sovereignty issues and the need for enhanced local capacity building. Across the EO pipeline, African participation and leadership are limited despite national efforts to launch satellites and expand space programs. Analysis of a sample of organizations involved in the EO sector worldwide showed that 71% had active initiatives focused on the continent, despite only 1 organization being headquartered locally. Only around 1/3 of active satellites for African countries were contracted locally, and reports show that users face barriers to accessing their data. By mapping participation and funding flows, this research elucidates how African countries can exert greater control over EO data, build sustainable expertise, and harness EO technology to serve national development priorities. As the EO sector evolves rapidly, African voices must help shape the applications and priorities for these powerful technologies.