Nanogeios Nanoliquid CO₂ – Performance Evaluation of Hybrid Nanofluid-Enhanced Liquid CO₂ for Advanced District and Data Center Cooling Applications

ABDELMOUMEN SHAD SERROUNE , I Rahman KHASANI, Sandra Merrier, Stephane Devilliers, Tadeshi Ryushi

This study presents a comprehensive evaluation of a novel hybrid nanofluid-enhanced liquid CO₂, engineered to address cooling challenges in water-scarce environments. Developed by NanoGEIOS, the fluid combines graphene oxide (GO) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in a 1:1 ratio (2 vol%) and is optimized using AI-powered NanoFusion dispersion technology. The nanofluid exhibits a 77% increase in thermal conductivity compared to pure liquid CO₂, while maintaining low viscosity, making it a viable candidate for sustainable district cooling and data center operations.

Testing over temperatures ranging from 8°C to -20°C and pressures of 20–40 bar confirms thermal and rheological stability. The hybrid nanofluid also demonstrated superior flow characteristics and negligible agglomeration, aided by SDS surfactant stabilization. A comparative analysis against traditional water-based and glycol solutions revealed enhanced heat transfer coefficients, reduced pumping power requirements, and improved energy efficiency.

The NanoFusion process—featuring real-time acoustic optimization via machine learning—ensures high-quality dispersion of nanoparticles under varied environmental conditions. The integration of this fluid into water-independent cooling systems promises major advancements in energy efficiency, carbon footprint reduction, and resilience in climate-stressed regions.

This research supports a paradigm shift away from water-intensive cooling infrastructure and aligns with both global sustainability goals and regulatory pressure to reduce water usage in critical sectors like IT and urban infrastructure.