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Preprints

Filtering by Subject: Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Lockdown caused by COVID-19 pandemic reduces air pollution in cities worldwide

Asheshwor Man Shrestha, Uttam Babu Shrestha, Roshan Sharma, et al.

Published: 2020-04-19
Subjects: Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Sciences, Life Sciences, Medicine and Health Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Drastic measures such as lockdown taken by countries worldwide to contain spread of COVID-19 have influenced air pollution dynamics substantially, at a planetary scale. Several media reported the lockdown induced air pollution reduction based on quickly assembled satellite observations. However, a global-scale analysis of such reduction in air pollution backed by quality data collected from [...]

Palaeotidal atlas of the UK for the last 10,000 years

Jon Hill

Published: 2020-04-19
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Over the past 10,000 years the UK has seen dramatic changes to its coastline due to sea-level rise. Past changes in sea level can be estimated from analysis of sedimentary deposits, including any microfossil assemblages found within. Once dated and the elevation is know, these data become sea level index points (SLIPs). In recreating past sea level in this way there is an implicit assumption of [...]

Lateral variability in strain along a mass-transport deposit (MTD) toewall: a case study from the Makassar Strait, offshore Indonesia

Harya Dwi Nugraha, Christopher Aiden-Lee Jackson, Howard D. Johnson, et al.

Published: 2020-04-18
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geology, Geomorphology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Sedimentology

Contractional features characterise the toe domain of mass-transport deposits (MTDs). Their frontal geometry is typically classified as frontally-confined or frontally-emergent. However, it remains unclear how frontal emplacement style and contractional strain within an MTD can vary along strike. We use bathymetry and 3D seismic reflection data to investigate lateral variability of frontal [...]

Spontaneous Cyclogenesis without Radiative and Surface-Flux Feedbacks

Argel Ramírez Reyes, Da Yang

Published: 2020-04-18
Subjects: Atmospheric Sciences, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Tropical cyclones (TCs) are among the most intense and feared storms in the world. What physical processes lead to cyclogenesis remains the most mysterious aspect of TC physics. Here, we study spontaneous TC genesis in rotating radiative-convective equilibrium using cloud-resolving simulations over an f-plane with constant sea-surface temperature. Previous studies proposed that spontaneous TC [...]

Modelling high-frequency seismograms at ocean bottom seismometers: effects of heterogeneous structures on source parameter estimation for small offshore earthquakes and shallow low-frequency tremors

Shunsuke Takemura, Suguru Yabe, Kentaro Emoto

Published: 2020-04-18
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geophysics and Seismology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics

The source characteristics of offshore seismic events, especially regular (or fast) and slow earthquakes, can provide key information on their source physics and frictional conditions at the plate boundary. Due to strong three-dimensional heterogeneities in offshore regions, such as those relating to seawater, accretionary prism, and small-scale velocity heterogeneity, conventional methods using [...]

Downscaling digital soil maps using electromagnetic induction and aerial imagery

Anders Bjørn Møller, Triven Koganti, Amélie Beucher, et al.

Published: 2020-04-17
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Soil Science

Coarse-resolution soil maps at regional to national extents are often inappropriate for mapping intra-field variability. At the same time, sensor data, such as electromagnetic induction measurements and aerial imagery, can be highly useful for mapping soil properties that correlate with electrical conductivity or soil color. However, maps based on these data nearly always require calibration with [...]

Flow directions of rivers are set by the mantle

Alex George Lipp, Gareth G Roberts

Published: 2020-04-17
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geophysics and Seismology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Large rivers play crucial roles in determining loci of civilisation, natural resources and biodiversity. The positions of their mouths control nutrient and sediment supply to oceans. The paths that rivers take across the Earth’s surface varies considerably with scale. For example, at large scales big North American rivers (e.g. Mississippi, Colorado, Columbia) have simple flow paths that can be [...]

Lateral variations in lower crustal strength control the temporal evolution of mountain ranges: examples from south-east Tibet

Camilla Emily Penney, Alex Copley

Published: 2020-04-17
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geochemistry, Geomorphology, Geophysics and Seismology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Tectonics and Structure

Controversy surrounds the rheology of the continental lithosphere, and how it controls the evolution and behaviour of mountain ranges. In this study, we investigate the effect of lateral contrasts in the strength of the lower crust, such as those between cratonic continental interiors and weaker rocks in the adjacent deforming regions, on the evolution of topography. We combine numerical [...]

Evaluating UK natural hazards: the national risk assessment

Michael J. Stock, Jonathan Wentworth

Published: 2020-04-16
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Environmental Indicators and Impact Assessment, Environmental Sciences, Other Environmental Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Despite its relatively temperate climate and stable geography, natural hazards present multiple risks to human activity in the UK. These range from small-scale local occurrences, such as landslides, through regional incidents, such as flooding, to major high impact, low probability events, such as space weather. The impacts of such hazards can be wide-ranging but may include disruption to [...]

Do atmospheric plastics act as fomites for novel viruses?

Renjith VishnuRadhan, Divya David T, Eldho T I, et al.

Published: 2020-04-16
Subjects: Atmospheric Sciences, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Engineering, Environmental Health and Protection, Environmental Sciences, Life Sciences, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Plastic particles are ubiquitous in various environmental compartments, the atmosphere being the least explored compartment in terms of plastic pollution. The way that atmospheric plastics affect the biological systems has not yet been explored when compared to aquatic ecosystems. There are many speculated human health impacts, one definite and direct impact of atmospheric plastics would be [...]

Forming a Mogi Doughnut in the years prior to and immediately before the the 2014 M8.1 Iquique, Northern Chile Earthquake

Bernd Schurr, Marcos Moreno, Anne Marie Tréhu, et al.

Published: 2020-04-15
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geophysics and Seismology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Asperities are patches where the fault surfaces stick until they break in earthquakes. Locating asperities and understanding their causes in subduction zones is challenging because they are generally located offshore. We use seismicity, inter- and co-seismic slip, and the residual gravity field to map the asperity responsible for the 2014 M8.1 Iquique Chile earthquake. Until two weeks before the [...]

The tipping points and early-warning indicators for Pine Island Glacier, West Antarctica

Sebastian Rosier, Ronja Reese, Jonathan F. Donges, et al.

Published: 2020-04-15
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Glaciology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Mass loss from the Antarctic Ice Sheet is the main source of uncertainty in projections of future sea-level rise, with important implications for coastal regions worldwide. Central to this is the marine ice sheet instability: once a critical threshold, or tipping point, is crossed, ice-internal dynamics can drive a self-amplifying retreat committing a glacier to irreversible, rapid and [...]

Recognizing fracture pattern signatures contributed by seismic loadings

Shiqing Xu

Published: 2020-04-15
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geology, Geophysics and Seismology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Tectonics and Structure

The impacts of seismic loadings to fault zone rocks are still not well understood. While field and experimental studies have suggested several markers, such as pseudotachylytes and pulverized rocks, for indicating seismic loadings, the corresponding markers of other types or at larger scales are still lacking. Here by summarizing results of dynamic ruptures with off-fault damage, we recognize [...]

The enigma of the Albian Gap: spatial variability and the competition between salt expulsion and extension

Leonardo Muniz Pichel, Christopher Aiden-Lee Jackson

Published: 2020-04-15
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Stratigraphy, Tectonics and Structure

The Albian Gap is a uniquely large (up to 65 km wide and >450 km long), enigmatic salt-related structure in the Santos Basin, offshore Brazil. It is located near the basin margin and trends NE (i.e. sub-parallel to the Brazilian coastline). The gap is characterized by a near-complete absence of Albian strata above depleted Aptian salt. Its most remarkable feature is an equivalently large, [...]

Interferometric Processing of ScanSAR Data Using Stripmap Processor: New Insights from Coregistration

Cunren Liang, Eric Jameson Fielding

Published: 2020-04-14
Subjects: Aerospace Engineering, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Computer Engineering, Earth Sciences, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Engineering, Geology, Geophysics and Seismology, Glaciology, Hydrology, Mining Engineering, Other Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Tectonics and Structure, Volcanology

Processing scanning synthetic aperture radar (ScanSAR) data using a stripmap processor, which is called full-aperture processing, has been the choice of many researchers. ScanSAR data are known to require very high azimuth coregistration precision which is usually achieved by a geometrical coregistration followed by a spectral diversity coregistration on the ScanSAR burst. However, for [...]

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