Preprints
Filtering by Subject: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The Dynamics of Elongated Earthquake Ruptures
Published: 2019-03-14
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geophysics and Seismology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The largest earthquakes propagate laterally after saturating the fault’s seismogenic width and reach large length-to-width ratios L/W. Smaller earthquakes can also develop elongated ruptures due to confinement by heterogeneities of initial stresses or material properties. The energetics of such elongated ruptures is radically different from that of conventional circular crack models: they feature [...]
Early exhumation of the Frontal Cordillera (Southern Central Andes) and implications for Andean mountain-building at ~33.5°S
Published: 2019-03-13
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Tectonics and Structure
The Andes are the modern active example of a Cordilleran-type orogen, with mountain-building and crustal thickening within the upper plate of a subduction zone. Despite numerous studies of this emblematic mountain range, several primary traits of this orogeny remain unresolved or poorly documented. The onset of uplift and deformation of the Frontal Cordillera basement culmination of the Southern [...]
Half the worlds population already experiences years 1.5°C warmer than preindustrial
Published: 2019-03-12
Subjects: Climate, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The Paris Agreement aims to limit the increase in global average temperature to 1.5 °C above preindustrial. A natural question for the public to ask is “But how much warmer than preindustrial is where I live?” We develop a pattern-scaling technique to present local annually-resolved, gridded temperature anomalies prior to the industrial burning of fossil fuels. On average the past 5 years, [...]
Average daily flow of microplastics through a tertiary wastewater treatment plant over a ten-month period
Published: 2019-03-12
Subjects: Civil and Environmental Engineering, Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Environmental Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Microplastics (MPs, <5 mm in size) are classified as emerging contaminants but treatment processes are not designed to remove these small particles. Wastewater treatment systems have been proposed as pathways for MPs pollution to receiving waters but quantitative and qualitative data on MP occurrence and transport remains limited, hindering risk assessment and regulation. Here, for the first [...]
The effect of stress changes on time-dependent earthquake probabilities for the central Wasatch Fault Zone, Utah, USA.
Published: 2019-03-12
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geophysics and Seismology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Tectonics and Structure
Static and quasi-static Coulomb stress changes produced by large earthquakes can modify the probability of occurrence of subsequent events on neighboring faults. This approach is based on physical (Coulomb stress changes) and statistical (probability calculations) models, which are influenced by the quality and quantity of data available in the study region. Here, we focus on the Wasatch Fault [...]
Separating isotopic impacts of karst and in-cave processes from climate variability using an integrated speleothem isotope-enabled forward model
Published: 2019-03-12
Subjects: Biogeochemistry, Earth Sciences, Hydrology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Speleology
Speleothem δ18O values are commonly used to infer past climate variability. However, both non-linear karst hydrological processes and in-cave disequilibrium isotope fractionation are recognised and hinder the interpretation of δ18O values. In recent years, proxy system models (PSMs) have emerged to quantitatively assess the confounding effects of these processes. This study presents the first [...]
Post-critical SsPmp and its Applications to Virtual Deep Seismic Sounding 2: 1D Imaging of the Crust/Mantle and Joint Constraints with Receiver Function
Published: 2019-03-12
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geophysics and Seismology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Virtual Deep Seismic Sounding (VDSS) has recently emerged as a novel method to image the crust-mantle-boundary (CMB) and potentially other lithospheric boundaries. In Liu et al., 2018 (“Part 1”), we showed that the arrival time and waveform of post-critical SsPmp, the post-critical reflection phase at the CMB used in VDSS, is sensitive to multiple attributes of the crust and upper mantle. Here, [...]
New flow relaxation mechanism explains scour fields at the end of submarine channels
Published: 2019-03-11
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Oceanography, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Sedimentology
In the ocean, particle-laden gravity flows, turbidity currents, flow in river-like channels across the ocean floor. These submarine channels funnel sediment, nutrients, pollutants and organic carbon into the ocean basins and can extend over 1,000’s of kilometers. At the end of these channels, turbidity currents lose their confinement, decelerate and deposit their sediment load. This is what we [...]
A secondary zone of uplift due to megathrust earthquakes
Published: 2019-03-11
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geophysics and Seismology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Tectonics and Structure
The 1960 M9.5 Valdivia and 1964 M9.2 Alaska earthquakes caused a decimeters-high secondary zone of uplift a few hundred kilometers landward of the trench. We analyze GPS data from the 2010 M8.8 Maule and 2011 M9.0 Tohoku-Oki earthquakes to confirm the existence of a secondary zone of uplift due to great earthquakes at the megathrust interface. This uplift varies in magnitude and location, but [...]
Wetropolis extreme rainfall and flood demonstrator: from mathematical design to outreach and research
Published: 2019-03-11
Subjects: Environmental Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Water Resource Management
Wetropolis is a transportable "table-top" demonstration model with extreme rainfall and flooding events. It is a conceptual model with random rainfall, river flow, a flood plain, an upland reservoir, a porous moor, representing the upper catchment and visualising groundwater flow, and a city which can flood following extreme rainfall. Its aim is to let the viewer experience extreme rainfall and [...]
From bore-soliton-splash to rogue waves, a new wave-energy device and extreme tsunami run-up
Published: 2019-03-11
Subjects: Environmental Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Water Resource Management
We explore extreme nonlinear water-wave amplification in a contraction or, analogously, wave amplification in crossing seas. The latter case can lead to extreme or rogue-wave formation at sea. First, amplification of a solitary-water-wave compound running into a contraction is disseminated experimentally, for small-scale and larger wavetanks. Maximum amplification in our bore-soliton-splash [...]
Unfolding Veined Fold Limbs to Deduce a Basins Prefolding Stress State
Published: 2019-03-06
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Education, Outdoor Education, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Tectonics and Structure
Tectonic structures that developed prior to folding, such as pre- and early-kinematic veins, hold valuable information on the stress state of the paleobasin in which these early structures formed. To derive the parental orientation of these prefolding brittle structures, folds need to “unfold.” A fold restoration methodology is presented in which fold limbs, and the structures they contain, are [...]
Machine Learning Reveals the State of Intermittent Frictional Dynamics in a Sheared Granular Fault
Published: 2019-03-05
Subjects: Civil and Environmental Engineering, Earth Sciences, Engineering, Geophysics and Seismology, Geotechnical Engineering, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The seismogenic plate boundaries are presumed to behave similarly to a densely packed granular medium, where fault and blocks systems rapidly rearrange the distribution of forces within themselves, as particles do in slowly sheared granular systems. We use machine learning and show that statistical features of velocity signals from individual particles in a simulated sheared granular fault [...]
Autogenic translation and concave bank deposition in meandering rivers
Published: 2019-03-02
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geomorphology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Sedimentology
Although it has long been recognized that deposition along meandering rivers is not restricted to convex banks, the consensus is that external forcing, that is, confinement by an erosion-resistant barrier, is necessary for significant concave-bank deposition to occur. Using a kinematic model of channel meandering and time-lapse satellite imagery from the Mamoré River in Bolivia, we show that [...]
Hydrodynamic control of gas-exchange velocity in small streams
Published: 2019-03-02
Subjects: Civil and Environmental Engineering, Earth Sciences, Engineering, Environmental Sciences, Fluid Dynamics, Hydraulic Engineering, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Physics, Planetary Sciences
Gas exchange is a critical component of any biogeochemical mass balance model of dissolved gases in aquatic systems, yet the magnitude and drivers of spatial and temporal variations of air-water exchange rates in shallow streams are poorly understood. We investigated the relationships between gas exchange velocity of carbon dioxide and methane and flow hydraulics at different sections along a [...]