Preprints
There are 6275 Preprints listed.
Samples, Symmetries and Extensions: Exploring Parameter Space in Nonlinear Problems
Published: 2020-12-31
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Many scientific and technological advances require the values of a set of parameters to be constrained or estimated using recorded data. It is often possible to model data that would be recorded for particular parameter values using a computable and in general nonlinear function, where its inverse is unknown and does not exist as a unique-valued mapping. The space of parameter values must then be [...]
NIRvP: a robust structural proxy for sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence and photosynthesis across scales
Published: 2020-12-31
Subjects: Agriculture, Biology, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Sciences, Plant Sciences
Sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) is a promising new tool for remotely estimating photosynthesis. However, the degree to which incoming sunlight and the structure of the canopy rather than leaf physiology contribute to SIF variations is still not well characterized. Here we demonstrate that the canopy structure-related near-infrared reflectance of vegetation multiplied by incoming [...]
Bayesian Seismic Tomography using Normalizing Flows
Published: 2020-12-28
Subjects: Geophysics and Seismology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
We test a fully non-linear method to solve seismic tomographic problems using data consisting of observed travel times of first-arriving waves. We use variational inference to calculate the posterior probability distribution which describes the solution to the Bayesian tomographic inverse problem. The variational method is an efficient alternate to Monte Carlo methods, which seeks the best [...]
Half a century of glacier mass balance at Cordilleras Blanca and Huaytapallana, Peruvian Andes
Published: 2020-12-23
Subjects: Glaciology
The glaciers of the tropical Andes have been observed to be losing mass for much of the last century. These changes are both driven by, and an indicator of global climate change. These glaciers are important as they represent a crucial water source for downstream communities, supplying agriculture, urban usage, industry, mining and hydropower. This study aims to quantify glacial mass loss for the [...]
Climate as a Stratigraphic Tool for Basin Margin Deposition in Intracontinental Basins
Published: 2020-12-23
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
In intracontinental basins stratigraphic packages are not as predictable as those deposited in marine settings, namely due to a lack over an overriding control on deposition. Deposition in intracontinental basins is controlled by tectonics, climatic variations, and sediment supply. Complexity is added as deposition is affected by both autocyclic localised variations (e.g., lobe switching) and [...]
Combination of GNSS orbits using variance component estimation
Published: 2020-12-22
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Other Earth Sciences
Over the past years, the International GNSS Service (IGS) has been putting efforts into extending its service towards the Multi-GNSS Experiment and Pilot Project (MGEX). Several MGEX Analysis Centers (ACs) contribute by providing solutions containing not only GPS and GLONASS but also Galileo, BeiDou, and QZSS. The MGEX orbit and clock combination is a product that is still not consolidated inside [...]
Tectono-stratigraphic development of a salt-influenced rift margin: Halten Terrace, offshore Mid-Norway
Published: 2020-12-22
Subjects: Geology, Other Earth Sciences, Sedimentology, Tectonics and Structure
Pre-rift salt controls structural style variability within rifts by decoupling sub- and supra-salt faults. However, the way in which this variability controls sediment erosion and dispersal, and facies distributions within the coeval syn-rift stratigraphic succession, remains poorly known. We here use 3D seismic reflection and borehole data to study the tectono-stratigraphic development of the [...]
Soil erosion modelling: A global review and statistical analysis
Published: 2020-12-22
Subjects: Soil Science
To gain a better understanding of the global application of soil erosion prediction models, we comprehensively reviewed relevant peer-reviewed research literature on soil-erosion modelling 1994-2017. Our aim was to identify (i) processes and models most frequently addressed in the literature, (ii) regions within which models are primarily applied, (iii) what regions remain unaddressed and why, [...]
Yield estimation of the 2020 Beirut explosion using open access waveform and remote sensing data
Published: 2020-12-22
Subjects: Applied Statistics, Earth Sciences, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Physics, Statistics and Probability
We report on a multi-technique analysis using publicly available data for investigating the huge, accidental explosion that struck the city of Beirut, Lebanon, on August 4, 2020. Its devastating shock wave led to thousands of injured with more than two hundred fatalities and caused immense damage to buildings and infrastructure. Our combined analysis of seismological, hydroacoustic, infrasonic [...]
Climate change induced effects or maldevelopment: small islands and conflicting attribution of root causes
Published: 2020-12-21
Subjects: Engineering, Social and Behavioral Sciences
Adapting to sea level rise, climate change, and associated effects is especially challenging in sensitive small-island environments where false adaptation can lead to adverse impacts on natural and societal dynamics. Framing and interest play a decisive role for the successful implementation of any adaptation measures. An interdisciplinary perspective on the interaction of natural dynamics, [...]
Tidal dynamics in palaeo-seas in response to changes in physiography, tidal forcing, and bed shear stress
Published: 2020-12-21
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Simulating hydrodynamic conditions in palaeo-ocean basins is needed to better understand the effects of tidal forcing on the sedimentary record. When combined with sedimentary analyses, hydrodynamic modelling can help inform complex temporal and spatial variability in the sediment distribution of tide-dominated palaeo-ocean basins. Herein, palaeotidal modelling of the epicontinental Upper [...]
Integrating ecosystem markets to co-ordinate landscape-scale public benefits from nature
Published: 2020-12-21
Subjects: Social and Behavioral Sciences
Ecosystem markets are proliferating around the world in response to increasing demand for climate change mitigation and provision of other public goods. However, this may lead to perverse outcomes, for example where public funding crowds out private investment or different schemes create trade-offs between the ecosystem services they each target. The integration of ecosystem markets could address [...]
Evolution of a sand-rich submarine channel-lobe system and impact of mass-transport and transitional flow deposits on reservoir heterogeneity: Magnus Field, northern North Sea
Published: 2020-12-19
Subjects: Geology, Geophysics and Seismology, Sedimentology, Stratigraphy
The geometry, distribution, and rock properties (i.e. porosity and permeability) of turbidite reservoirs, and the processes associated with turbidity current deposition, are relatively well known. However, less attention has been given to the equivalent properties resulting from laminar sediment gravity-flow deposition, with most research limited to cogenetic turbidite-debrites (i.e. transitional [...]
Global air quality change during COVID-19: a synthetic result of human activities and meteorology
Published: 2020-12-19
Subjects: Atmospheric Sciences
In recent months, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been spreading around the globe, and this has led to a rare reduction in human activities. In such a background, data from ground-based environmental stations, satellites, and reanalysis materials are utilized to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the air quality changes during the COVID-19 outbreak at the global scale. The results showed [...]
Idealized forecast-assimilation experiments for convective-scale Numerical Weather Prediction
Published: 2020-12-18
Subjects: Meteorology, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology
To aid understanding of and facilitate research into forecast-assimilation systems of Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP), idealized models that embody essential characteristics of these systems can be used. This article concerns the use of such an idealized fluid model of convective-scale NWP in inexpensive data assimilation (DA) experiments. The forecast model, introduced in Kent et al (2017), [...]