Preprints
There are 7999 Preprints listed.
A Comparison of Methods for Assessing Groundwater Flooding Due to Sea Level Rise
Published: 2022-01-20
Subjects: Hydrology
This technical note compares two groundwater flooding assessments for a site on the Rockaway Peninsula of New York City, a coastal barrier island subject to several climate change risks including groundwater flooding. One assessment was performed using a MODFLOW groundwater model while the other used an interpolated water table map constructed in GIS. The two methods showed minor differences in [...]
No unique scaling law for igneous dikes
Published: 2022-01-20
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
In linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), veins, dikes, and sills grow in length when the stress intensity factor [K_I] at the tip reaches a critical value: the host rock fracture toughness [K_Ic]. This criterion is applied broadly in LEFM models for crack growth and assumes that the pressure inside the crack is uniform. When applied to intrusion length versus thickness scaling, a significant [...]
Frequency-Difference Backprojection of Earthquakes
Published: 2022-01-20
Subjects: Earth Sciences
Back-projection has proven useful in imaging large earthquake rupture processes. The method is generally robust and does not require many assumptions about the fault geometry or the Earth velocity model. It can be applied in both the time and frequency domain. However, back-projection images are often obtained from records filtered in a narrow frequency range, limiting our ability to uncover the [...]
On Strictly Enforced Mass Conservation Constraints for Modeling the Rainfall-Runoff Process
Published: 2022-01-20
Subjects: Hydrology
It has been proposed that conservation laws might not be beneficial for accurate hydrological modeling due to errors in input (precipitation) and target (streamflow) data (particularly at the event time scale), and this might explain why deep learning models (which are not based on enforcing closure) can out-perform catchment-scale conceptual and process-based models at predicting streamflow. We [...]
The temporal limits of predicting fault failure
Published: 2022-02-09
Subjects: Geophysics and Seismology
Machine learning models using seismic emissions can predict instantaneous fault characteristics such as displacement in laboratory experiments and slow slip in Earth. Here, we address whether the acoustic emission (AE) from laboratory experiments contains information about near-future frictional behavior. The approach uses a convolutional encoder-decoder containing a transformer layer. We use as [...]
Deep submarine infiltration of altered geothermal groundwater on the south Chilean Margin
Published: 2022-01-25
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geochemistry, Geology, Hydrology, Oceanography, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Other Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Submarine groundwater discharge is increasingly recognized as an important component of the oceanic geochemical budget, but knowledge of the distribution of this phenomenon is limited. To date, reports of meteoric inputs to marine sediments are typically limited to shallow shelf and coastal environments, whereas contributions of freshwater along deeper sections of tectonically active margins like [...]
Deep-water cycling and the Magmatic History of the Earth
Published: 2022-01-20
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Planetary Sciences
Earth is a magmatically active planet. Magmatism connects Earth's interior to its atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere through cycling of volatiles, greenhouse gasses, and nutrients. Earth's magmatic history is intertwined with its thermal and tectonic evolution. How magmatism has evolved and been maintained in the face of planetary cooling remains an open question. We address this question [...]
Traversing the academic ladder as an early career researcher in earth and environmental sciences
Published: 2022-01-21
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Environmental Sciences
There is growing concern in Higher Education around job security, work-life balance and inequalities, and early career academics must make difficult trade-offs and life choices. Ample literature confirms that women navigating academia face additional challenges. Few studies have sought to connect contractual circumstances, employment priorities and their impacts on the life choices of individual [...]
Mitigating the effect of errors in source parameters on seismic (waveform) inversion
Published: 2022-01-22
Subjects: Geophysics and Seismology
We investigate the effect of errors in earthquake source parameters on the tomographic inverse problem and propose mitigation strategies for avoiding artefacts caused by such errors. Source errors can be quite significant: mislocation errors can amount to tens of kilometres both horizontally and vertically, while fault plane uncertainties can be of the order of tens of degrees. To analyse how [...]
Evaluation of changes in dry and wet precipitation extremes in warmer climates using a passive water vapor modelling approach
Published: 2022-01-22
Subjects: Climate, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology
Hydroclimatic extremes, such as heavy daily rainfall and dry spells, are expected to intensify under anthropogenic warming. Often, these changes are diagnostically related to thermodynamic increases in humidity with warming. Here, we develop a framework that uses an on-line calculation of the thermodynamically induced changes of the full precipitation distribution with warming in an idealized [...]
Explaining Variance of Pleistocene Climate Sensitivity: Path, Epochal and CO2 dependence
Published: 2022-01-25
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Other Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Improved high-resolution paleo records of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations and reconstructions of Earth’s surface temperature are available. We analyze one authoritative Pleistocene data set to explore how the climate sensitivity parameter S varies under different system states, using linear regression of mean annual surface temperature changes against CO2 forcing changes. On the [...]
On the modulation of kinetic energy transfer by internal gravity waves
Published: 2022-01-24
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Understanding how kinetic energy (KE) is exchanged across scales and eventually dissipated remains a key question in physical oceanography. Recent theoretical works suggests that both quasi-balanced submesoscale motions and internal gravity waves (IGWs) could play a role in fluxing KE towards dissipation. How these classes of motions actually provide a route to dissipation in the ocean is still [...]
Quaternary E-W extension uplifts Kythira Island and segments the Hellenic Arc
Published: 2022-01-25
Subjects: Geology, Geomorphology, Paleontology, Sedimentology, Stratigraphy, Tectonics and Structure
Several crustal and lithospheric mechanisms lead to deformation and vertical motion of the upper plate during subduction, but their relative contribution is often enigmatic. Multiple areas of the Hellenic Forearc have been uplifting since Plio-Quaternary times, yet spatiotemporal characteristics and sources of this uplift are poorly resolved. The remarkable geology and geomorphology of Kythira [...]
Numerical simulation of atmospheric Lamb waves generated by the 2022 Hunga-Tonga volcanic eruption
Published: 2022-02-09
Subjects: Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology
On January 15th, 2022, around 4:30 UTC the eruption of the Hunga-Tonga volcano, in the South Pacific Ocean, generated a violent underwater explosion. In addition to tsunami waves that affected the Pacific coasts, the eruption created atmospheric pressure disturbances that spread out in the form of Lamb waves. The associated atmospheric pressure oscillations were detected in high-frequency in-situ [...]
Frontier metrics for a process-based understanding of deforestation dynamics
Published: 2022-01-24
Subjects: Agriculture
Agricultural expansion into tropical and subtropical forests often leads to major social-ecological trade-offs. Yet, despite ever-more detailed information on where deforestation occurs, how agriculture expands into forests remains unclear. Here, we developed and mapped a novel set of metrics that quantify agricultural frontier processes at unprecedented spatial and temporal detail. Specifically, [...]