Preprints
Filtering by Subject: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Extrusion dynamics of deep-water volcanoes
Published: 2018-05-15
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Volcanology
Submarine volcanism accounts for c. 75% of the Earths volcanic activity. Yet difficulties with imaging their exteriors and interiors mean the extrusion dynamics and erupted volumes of deep water volcanoes remain poorly understood. Here, we use high-resolution 3-D seismic reflection data to examine the external and internal geometry, and extrusion dynamics of two Late Miocene-Quaternary, [...]
The land ice contribution to sea level during the satellite era
Published: 2018-05-14
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Glaciology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Since 1992, there has been a revolution in our ability to quantify the land ice contribution to SLR using a variety of satellite missions and technologies. Each mission has provided unique, but sometimes conflicting, insights into the mass trends of land ice. Over the last decade, over fifty estimates of land ice trends have been published, providing a confusing and often inconsistent picture. [...]
Increasingly Powerful Tornadoes in the United States
Published: 2018-05-12
Subjects: Climate, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Storm reports show an upward trend in the power of tornadoes from longer and wider paths and higher damage ratings. Quantifying the magnitude of the increase is difficult given diurnal and seasonal influences on tornadoes embedded within natural variations and made worse by changes for rating damage. Here the authors solve this problem by fitting a statistical model to a metric of power during [...]
On the timing and nature of the multiple phases of slope instability on eastern Rockall Bank, Northeast Atlantic
Published: 2018-05-12
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Sedimentology
One of the most challenging tasks when studying large submarine landslides is determining whether the landslide was initiated as a single large event, a chain of events closely spaced in time or multiple events separated by long periods of time as all have implications in risk assessments. In this study we combine new multichannel seismic profiles and new sediment cores with bathymetric data to [...]
Regional-scale paleobathymetry controlled location, but not magnitude, of tidal dynamics in the Late Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway, USA.
Published: 2018-05-11
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Life Sciences, Other Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Despite extensive outcrop and previous sedimentologic study, the role of tidal processes along sandy, wave- and river-dominated shorelines of the North American Cretaceous Western Interior Seaway remains uncertain, particularly for the extensive mid-Campanian (c. 75-77.5 Ma) tidal deposits of Utah and Colorado, USA. Herein paleotidal modelling, paleogeographic reconstructions, and interpretation [...]
Determination of the Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Boundary using program LABWA2015
Published: 2018-05-10
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geophysics and Seismology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Lithosphere-Asthenosphere Boundary (LAB) is a lower boundary of the lithospheric plate, so, it is an important tectonic boundary. We present the package of numerical program LABWA2015 developed for simple calculations of position of LAB. It assumes isostatic state and uses gravity as well as topographic data. However, program provides better results if additional geophysical data are used, e.g. [...]
The Mesozoic and Palaeozoic granitoids of north-western New Guinea
Published: 2018-05-09
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geochemistry, Geology, Other Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Tectonics and Structure, Volcanology
A large portion of the Birds Head Peninsula of NW New Guinea is an inlier that reveals the pre-Cenozoic geological history of the northern margin of eastern Gondwana. The peninsula is dominated by a regional basement high exposing Gondwanan (Australian) Palaeozoic metasediments intruded by Palaeozoic and Mesozoic granitoids. Here, we present the first comprehensive study of these granitoids, [...]
Growing forced bars determine non-ideal estuary planform
Published: 2018-05-09
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geomorphology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The planform of estuaries is often described with an ideal shape, which exponentially converges in landward direction. We show how growing topographically forced nonmigratory (i.e., anchored) bars determine the large-scale estuary planform, which explains the deviations observed in the planform of natural estuaries filled with bars compared to the ideal planform. Experiments were conducted in a [...]
Combined geophysical measurements provide evidence for unfrozen water in permafrost in the Adventdalen valley in Svalbard
Published: 2018-05-08
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geophysics and Seismology, Hydrology, Other Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Quantifying the unfrozen water content of permafrost is critical for assessing impacts of surface warming on the reactivation of groundwater flow and release of greenhouse gasses from degrading permafrost. Unfrozen water content was determined along a ~12 km transect in the Adventdalen valley in Svalbard, an area with continuous permafrost, using surface nuclear magnetic resonance and controlled [...]
Identifying causes of ground-penetrating radar reflections using time-domain reflectometry and sedimentological analyses
Published: 2018-05-08
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geophysics and Seismology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Sedimentology
Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a geophysical technique widely used to study the shallow subsurface and identify various sediment features that reflect electromagnetic waves. However, little is known about the exact cause of GPR reflections because few studies have coupled wave theory to petrophysical data. In this study, a 100- and 200-MHz GPR survey was conducted on aeolian deposits in a [...]
Pre-existing basement thrusts influence rifting in the Taranaki Basin, New Zealand
Published: 2018-05-05
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Tectonics and Structure
Discrete structures (e.g. faults) or pervasive fabrics (e.g. foliation), which may occur in pre-rift sedimentary and/or crystalline basement rock, can control the growth and geometry of rift-related normal fault arrays. Previous studies examining how such structures/fabrics affect rift geometry typically rely only on plan-view correlations between the strike and dip of observed or, in some cases, [...]
EarthN: A new Earth System Nitrogen Model
Published: 2018-05-04
Subjects: Biogeochemistry, Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The amount of nitrogen in the atmosphere, oceans, crust, and mantle have important ramifications for Earth’s biologic and geologic history. Despite this importance, the history and cycling of nitrogen in the Earth system is poorly constrained over time. For example, various models and proxies contrastingly support atmospheric mass stasis, net outgassing, or net ingassing over time. In addition, [...]
Bedform migration in a mixed sand and cohesive clay intertidal environment and implications for bed material transport predictions
Published: 2018-05-04
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Sedimentology
Many coastal and estuarine environments are dominated by mixtures of non-cohesive sand and cohesive mud. The migration rate of bedforms, such as ripples and dunes, in these environments is important in determining bed material transport rates to inform and assess numerical models of sediment transport and geomorphology. However, these models tend to ignore parameters describing the physical and [...]
Volcanic ash generation mechanisms: Fingerprints in phase distribution highlighted by QEMSCAN particle mineralogical analysis
Published: 2018-05-03
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Volcanology
Volcanic ash particle properties depend upon their genetic fragmentation processes. Here, we introduce QEMSCAN particle mineralogical analysis (PMA) to quantify the phase distribution in two ash samples collected during activity at Santiaguito, Guatemala and assess the fingerprint of fragmentation mechanisms. Volcanic ash from a Vulcanian explosion and from a pyroclastic density current resulting [...]
Rainfall-Runoff modelling using Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks
Published: 2018-05-02
Subjects: Civil and Environmental Engineering, Earth Sciences, Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Hydrology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Rainfall-runoff modelling is one of the key challenges in the field of hydrology. Various approaches exist, ranging from physically based over conceptual to fully data driven models. In this paper, we propose a novel data driven approach, using the Long-Short-Term-Memory (LSTM) network, a special type of recurrent neural networks. The advantage of the LSTM is its ability to learn long-term [...]