Preprints

Filtering by Subject: Physical Sciences and Mathematics

A Statistical Evaluation of WRF-LES Trace Gas Dispersion Using Project Prairie Grass Measurements

Alex Rybchuk, Caroline B. Alden, Julie K. Lundquist, et al.

Published: 2020-08-17
Subjects: Atmospheric Sciences, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics

In recent years, new measurement systems have been deployed to monitor and quantify methane emissions from the natural gas sector. Large-eddy simulation (LES) has complemented measurement campaigns by serving as a controlled environment in which to study plume dynamics and sampling strategies. However, with few comparisons to controlled-release experiments, the accuracy of LES for modeling [...]

Resolving the Kinematics and Moment Release of Early Afterslip within the First Hours following the 2016 Mw 7.1 Kumamoto Earthquake: Implications for the Shallow Slip Deficit and Frictional Behavior of Aseismic Creep

Chris Milliner, Roland Bürgmann, Asaf Inbal, et al.

Published: 2020-08-17
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Geophysics and Seismology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Continuous measurements of postseismic surface deformation provide insight into variations of the frictional strength of faults and the rheology of the lower crust and upper mantle as stresses following rupture are dissipated. However, due to the difficulty of capturing the earliest phase of afterslip, most analyses have focused on understanding postseismic processes over timescales of [...]

Diversity Crisis in UK Geoscience Research Training

Natasha Joanne Dowey, Jenni Barclay, Benjamin Fernando, et al.

Published: 2020-08-17
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Geoscientists have a key role to play in the great challenges of the 21st Century, but solving these problems requires diverse collaborations and engagement with stakeholders from all backgrounds, both in the fundamental science and its implementation. How can we break down the barriers that have made Geoscience amongst the worst for racial minority representation and make our discipline [...]

Marine mineral-catalyzed NO and N2O formation on the anoxic early Earth

Steffen Buessecker, Hiroshi Imanaka, Tucker Ely, et al.

Published: 2020-08-17
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geochemistry, Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Microbial metabolisms were limited by available terminal electron acceptors in the anoxic environment of the early Archean. However, iron mineral phases in Fe2+-rich (ferruginous) oceans could have catalyzed reactions with abiotically fixed nitrogen leading to the formation of nitrous oxide (N2O), a potentially favorable terminal electron acceptor. We experimentally simulated anoxic [...]

Unequal anthropogenic enrichment of mercury in Earth’s northern and southern hemispheres

Chuxian LI, Jeroen Sonke, Gael Le Roux, et al.

Published: 2020-08-16
Subjects: Environmental Indicators and Impact Assessment, Environmental Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Remote northern (NH) and southern hemisphere (SH) lake sediment and peat records of mercury (Hg) deposition show a ×3 to ×5 Hg enrichment since pre-industrial times (<1880AD), leading to the common perception that global atmospheric Hg enrichment is moderate and uniform. Anthropogenic Hg emission in the NH is, however, approximately four times higher than in the SH. Here we reconstruct [...]

Identifying landslides from continuous seismic surface waves: a case study of multiple small-scale landslides triggered by Typhoon Talas, 2011

Ryo Okuwaki, Wenyuan Fan, Masumi Yamada, et al.

Published: 2020-08-16
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geophysics and Seismology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Landslides can cause devastating damage. In particular, heavy rainfall-triggered landslides pose a chain of natural hazards. However, such events are often difficult to detect, leaving the physical processes poorly understood. Here we apply a novel surface-wave detector to detect and locate landslides during the transit of Typhoon Talas 2011. We identify multiple landslides triggered by Typhoon [...]

Three-Station Interferometry and Tomography: Coda vs. Direct Waves

Shane Zhang, Lili Feng, Michael H. Ritzwoller

Published: 2020-08-16
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geophysics and Seismology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Traditional two-station ambient noise interferometry estimates the Greens function between a pair of synchronously deployed seismic stations. Three-station interferometry considers records observed three stations at a time, where two of the stations are considered receiver-stations and the third is a source-station. Cross-correlations between records at the source-station with each of the [...]

On the Evolution of Thermally Stratified Layers at the top of Earth’s Core

Sam Greenwood, Jonathan Mound, Chris Davies

Published: 2020-08-16
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geophysics and Seismology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Stable stratification at the top of the Earth’s outer core has been suggested based upon seismic and geomagnetic observations, however, the origin of the layer is still unknown. In this paper we focus on a thermal origin for the layer and conduct a systematic study on the thermal evolution of the core. We develop a new numerical code to model the growth of thermally stable layers beneath the CMB, [...]

Fernandes and Roberts (2020) - preprint

Victoria Fernandes, Gareth G Roberts

Published: 2020-08-16
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Geology, Geomorphology, Paleobiology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Planetary Sciences, Tectonics and Structure

There are many geoscience problems for which constraining histories of uplift or subsidence of Earth’s surface is of direct or indirect importance, for example reconstructing tectonics, mantle convection, geomorphology, sedimentary and chemical flux, biodiversity, glacio-eustasy and climate change. The least equivocal constraints on timing and amplitude of vertical motions on geological [...]

Rapid finite-frequency microseismic noise source inversion at regional to global scales

Jonas Karl Hans Igel, Laura A Ermert, Andreas Fichtner

Published: 2020-08-16
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geophysics and Seismology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Ambient noise cross-correlations can be used as self-consistent observables, opening novel possibilities for investigating ambient noise sources. To optimise the forward- modelling of global ambient cross-correlations for any given noise distribution of noise sources in the microseismic frequency range up to 0.2 Hz, we implement (i) pre-computed wavefields and (ii) spatially variable grids. This [...]

A Comprehensive Flood Event Specification and Inventory: 1930-2020 Turkey Case Study

Ismail Haltas, Enes Yildirim, Fatih Oztas, et al.

Published: 2020-08-16
Subjects: Civil and Environmental Engineering, Earth Sciences, Engineering, Environmental Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Water Resource Management

Flooding is one of the most frequent natural disasters that have significant impact on communities in terms of loss of life, direct and indirect economic losses, and disruption of daily life. Decision makers often consult flood data inventories to make more informed decisions on the development of flood mitigation plans to protect flood prone communities. A comprehensive inventory that covers [...]

Bedload transport in rivers: size matters but so does shape!

Mathieu Cassel, Jérôme Lavé, Alain Recking, et al.

Published: 2020-08-16
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geomorphology, Hydrology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Sedimentology

Bedload transport modelling in rivers, which defines the threshold for pebble movement, takes into account the size and density of pebbles, but does not formally consider particle shape. The lack of analyses evaluating the influences of shape and density on particle mobility presents a major deficiency. To address this issue and to compare the relative roles of the density and shape of particles, [...]

Bridging the gap between geophysics and geology with Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)

Suihong Song, Tapan Mukerji, Jiagen Hou

Published: 2020-08-16
Subjects: Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Computer Sciences, Databases and Information Systems, Earth Sciences, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Sciences, Geology, Geomorphology, Geophysics and Seismology, Natural Resource Economics, Oil, Gas, and Energy, Other Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Sedimentology, Water Resource Management

Inverse mapping from geophysics to geology is a difficult problem due to the inherent uncertainty of geophysical data and the spatially heterogeneous patterns (structure) in geology. We describe GANSim, a type of generative adversarial networks (GANs) that discovers the mapping between remotely-sensed geophysical information and geology with realistic patterns, with a specially designed loss [...]

Stress, rigidity and sediment strength control megathrust earthquake and tsunami dynamics

Thomas ULRICH, Alice-Agnes Gabriel, Elizabeth H Madden

Published: 2020-08-16
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geophysics and Seismology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics

Megathrust faults host the largest earthquakes on Earth which can trigger cascading hazards such as devastating tsunamis. Determining characteristics that control subduction zone earthquake and tsunami dynamics is critical to mitigate megathrust hazards, but is impeded by structural complexity, large spatio-temporal scales, and scarce or asymmetric instrumental coverage. Here we use [...]

A Source Clustering Approach for Efficient Inundation Modeling and Regional Scale PTHA

Amy Williamson, Donsub Rim, Loyce Adams, et al.

Published: 2020-08-14
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geophysics and Seismology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics

For coastal regions on the margin of a subduction zone, near-field megathrust earthquakes are the source of the most extreme tsunami hazards, and are important to handle properly as one aspect of any Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment (PTHA). Typically, great variability in inundation depth at any point is possible due to the extreme variation in extent and pattern of slip over the fault [...]

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