Preprints
Filtering by Subject: Volcanology
Seismic and infrasound signals from the 2023 explosive eruption sequence of Shishaldin Volcano, Alaska
Published: 2026-03-28
Subjects: Geophysics and Seismology, Volcanology
Shishaldin Volcano, Alaska erupted in 2023 with 13 explosive paroxysms over a 4 month period, producing notable seismic and low frequency acoustic (infrasound) signals recorded on a local geophysical network. We describe the pre-, syn-, and post-eruptive seismoacoustic signals from the 2023 eruption sequence. Using a recently developed machine learning classifier, we detect and categorize diverse [...]
mineralML: Leveraging Machine Learning for Probabilistic Mineral Classification
Published: 2026-03-27
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geochemistry, Geology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Probability, Statistical Methodology, Statistics and Probability, Volcanology
Characterizing phase assemblages in igneous rocks and the chemical variability within these phases is the fundamental basis of many petrological investigations. We present mineralML (mineral classification using Machine Learning), an open-source Python package that classifies common igneous minerals based on oxide chemical data, with prediction scores. mineralML employs a two-stage neural [...]
Transient liquid- and solid-dominated inflation of an upper crustal magma chamber: insights from the Carlingford Complex (Ireland)
Published: 2026-03-18
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geochemistry, Geology, Volcanology
Layered intrusions are the crystallised remnants of magma reservoirs and preserve a detailed record of magma storage, differentiation, and recharge processes in the upper crust. Their assembly is commonly categorised into two end-member emplacement regimes: long-lived liquid-dominated magma chambers, and incrementally assembled crystal-rich mush systems. These end-members are often presented as [...]
Volcanic CO2 degassing and microbial carbon fixation in a caldera offshore
Published: 2026-03-14
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Environmental Microbiology and Microbial Ecology Life Sciences, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Volcanology
Calderas are subsided volcanic terrains formed by the destructive power of some of the largest volcanic eruptions on Earth. Many such depressions globally are today submerged by crater lakes or seawater, rendering them less accessible to scientific scrutiny, and hence more complicated to monitor during unrest. One of such systems is the restless, partly submerged Campi Flegrei caldera (CFc) near [...]
Stealth pressurisation of boiling magma limits geodetic detectability of volcanic eruptions
Published: 2026-03-12
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Volcanology
Crystallisation-driven volatile exsolution (second boiling) is widely invoked to pressurise shallow magma reservoirs, yet its ability to generate eruption-triggering overpressure and detectable ground deformation is poorly quantified. We couple phase equilibria with thermal and viscoelastic models of sill-like intrusions to map pressure evolution and geodetic detectability of second boiling. [...]
Mapping the interaction of a pyroclastic density current with irregular topography: the chemically-zoned, low aspect-ratio Green Tuff ignimbrite, Pantelleria, Italy
Published: 2026-03-05
Subjects: Volcanology
Pyroclastic density currents are known to have high mobility, overtopping topographic barriers great distances from source. However, how density currents interact with topography is not yet fully understood, particularly with regard to dense, granular, sustained currents. We used detailed chemical mapping to show how the response of an individual pyroclastic current to topographic barriers [...]
Seismic Efficiency during Volcanic Unrest: Insights from the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull Eruption
Published: 2026-02-24
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geophysics and Seismology, Volcanology
Identifying patterns in precursory signals may aid forecasting over month to year timescales. Here we examine the relationship between seismicity and ground deformation during unrest prior to the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption. We find that the ratio between seismic moment and horizontal GPS ground displacement is constant within two distinct phases, but with a step increase from one to the [...]
Mid-crustal Origin of Alkaline Magmas in the Arosa Zone: Evidence from Primary Analcime and Xenolith Interaction at the Rothplattenbach Complex (Germany)
Published: 2026-02-14
Subjects: Geochemistry, Geology, Mineral Physics, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Volcanology
The Rothplattenbach Complex (Arosa Zone, Germany) hosts alkaline magmatic rocks that provide unique insights into the mid-crustal evolution of water-saturated melts. This study presents a detailed phase-analytical investigation using XRD and SEM/EDX to characterize the primary magmatic mineralogy and its subsequent autometasomatic alteration. A key discovery is the occurrence of primary magmatic [...]
Magmatic volatile budgets of the 2014 Tavurvur eruption at Rabaul Caldera, Papua New Guinea
Published: 2026-01-31
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geochemistry, Volcanology
Rabaul is a caldera volcano on New Britain Island, Papua New Guinea, whose active cone Tavurvur ranks seventh globally for long-term mean SO2 and CO2 emissions. It is unknown why Rabaul is such a strong emitter of volcanic gases. Magma mixing between basaltic and dacitic magmas is envisioned to play a fundamental role in driving eruptions at Rabaul, but the compositions of mafic recharge magmas, [...]
Analyzing volcanic-like earthquakes with distributed acoustic sensing using a short segment of the Tongan seafloor telecommunications cable
Published: 2026-01-30
Subjects: Volcanology
The 2022 Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haʻapai (HTHH) eruption highlighted the need for monitoring submarine volcanoes. Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS), utilizing existing seafloor cables offers a promising solution. We analyze a one-week DAS dataset recorded in February 2023, one year after the eruption, using a 30-km segment of the domestic telecommunication cable in Tonga. The previous study (Nakano et [...]
A crystal-scale record of recharge and mixing at Rabaul Volcano (Papua New Guinea)
Published: 2026-01-21
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geochemistry, Volcanology
Rabaul is a densely populated caldera volcano in Papua New Guinea that last erupted a caldera-forming volume ~1,400 years ago and has produced numerous intra-caldera eruptions since. Its erupted compositions have commonly been attributed to fractional crystallisation, and although mafic enclaves point to a role for mafic recharge and magma mixing, no study has yet used the crystal cargo itself to [...]
Solubility and speciation of sulfur in silicate melts under crustal conditions
Published: 2025-12-13
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geochemistry, Geology, Volcanology
We have determined the solubility of sulfur as either sulfide (S2-) or sulfate (S6+) in a wide range of silicate melts at 1 atm pressure and temperatures of 1050° to 1250°C. The method involved suspension of the melt in either a mixture of CO2-CO-SO2 (sulfide solubility) or SO2 and air (sulfate solubility) for periods of up to 120 hours. Sulfur concentrations, measured by electron microprobe were [...]
Recurrent evacuation of mantle mush by mafic recharge in ocean islands revealed by clinopyroxene from La Palma
Published: 2025-12-04
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geochemistry, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Volcanology
Temporal variations in magma plumbing architecture and magmatic processes influence eruption priming and the interpretation of pre- and syn-eruptive signals. Yet, how these variations operate in low-flux ocean island volcanoes remains poorly constrained, leaving a key gap in understanding eruption precursors. Here we examine the temporal evolution of magmatic processes recorded in clinopyroxene [...]
Oxidation state of Mayotte magmatic series: insights from Fe and S K-edge XANES spectroscopy
Published: 2025-11-28
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geochemistry, Volcanology
Following the 2018-2020 Fani Maoré submarine eruption near Mayotte Island, Indian Ocean, multiple oceanographic expeditions provide unprecedented access to fresh alkaline volcanic glasses spanning basanite to phonolite compositions from the East-Mayotte Volcanic Chain (EMVC). We applied Fe and S K-edge X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Spectroscopy (XANES) to determine iron and sulfur oxidation states [...]
Practical guide for volcano observatories on paleomagnetic sampling of pyroclastic deposits from active volcanoes
Published: 2025-11-15
Subjects: Geophysics and Seismology, Volcanology
This brief guide is designed to teach workers at observatories of volcanoes exhibiting explosive activity how to take samples of pyroclastic deposits for paleomagnetic studies. Paleomagnetism is a powerful tool for studying volcanoes, both dormant and currently active. Studies of the rock magnetic and paleomagnetic characteristics of volcanic rocks can provide important information about volcanic [...]