Preprints
There are 6976 Preprints listed.
psvWave: elastic wave propagation in 2d for Python and C++
Published: 2022-02-22
Subjects: Geophysics and Seismology
We present `psvWave', a basic numerical finite difference solver for Python and C++, specifically targeted at seismologists. The solver is based on the well-established staggered grid approaches developed for the P-SV elastic wave equation. Although its functionality is limited (solely moment tensor sources, only Ricker wavelets source time functions), it does possess the ability to perform [...]
Accurate chronological construction for two young stalagmites from the tropical South Pacific
Published: 2022-02-23
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Environmental Sciences
Modern to Holocene tropical Pacific stalagmites are commonly difficult to date with the U-series, the most commonly used dating method for speleothems. When U-series does not provide robust age models, due to multiple sources of 230Th or little U, radiocarbon is, potentially, the best alternative. The 14C content of two stalagmites (Pu17 and Nu16) collected from Pouatea and Nurau caves in the [...]
Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis for probabilistic weather and climate risk modelling: an implementation in CLIMADA v.3.1.
Published: 2022-02-23
Subjects: Applied Statistics, Climate, Design of Experiments and Sample Surveys, Earth Sciences, Environmental Studies, Natural Resources Management and Policy, Nature and Society Relations, Numerical Analysis and Computation, Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing, Risk Analysis, Statistical Methodology
Modelling the risk of natural hazards for society, ecosystems, and the economy is subject to strong uncertainties, even more so in the context of a changing climate, evolving societies, growing economies, and declining ecosystems. Here we present a new feature of the climate risk modelling platform CLIMADA which allows to carry out global uncertainty and sensitivity analysis. CLIMADA underpins [...]
Fault slip-rates and Coulomb stress interactions in the intersection zone of the Hope, Kelly and Alpine Faults, South Island, New Zealand
Published: 2022-02-24
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geology, Geomorphology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Tectonics and Structure
The Hope Fault is a major strike-slip plate boundary fault in the Marlborough Fault Zone of New Zealand’s South Island that transfers slip between the Alpine Fault and Hikurangi subduction zone. We use lidar-based geomorphic and fault mapping, and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL; quartz) and infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL; feldspar) dating of fault-proximal sedimentary deposits to [...]
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar
Published: 2022-02-24
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) has catapulted our ability to detect, quantify and characterize bio- and geophysical processes (e.g., aquifer dynamics, tectonic, and magmatic processes, etc.). During the last four decades, InSAR has imaged the complete Earth’s surface and transformed our understanding of how Earth works. Such revolution has been underpinned by a relentless [...]
Interannual variability of the Australian summer monsoon sustained through internal processes: wind-evaporation feedback, dynamical air-sea interaction and soil moisture memory
Published: 2022-02-25
Subjects: Climate, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology
In northern Australia (NAUS), mean rainfall during the Australian summer monsoon (AUSM) season exhibits distinct interannual variability despite weak influence from tropical sea surface temperature (SST) variability. The present study investigates mechanisms for the strong and persistent rainfall anomalies throughout the AUSM season. When the AUSM is stronger than normal, the low-level monsoonal [...]
Landslide susceptibility maps of Italy: lesson learnt from dealing with multiple landslide classes and the uneven spatial distribution of the national inventory
Published: 2022-02-25
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Landslide susceptibility corresponds to the probability of landslide occurrence across a given geographic space. This probability is usually estimated by using a binary classifier which is informed of landslide presence/absence data and associated landscape characteristics. Here, we consider the Italian national landslide inventory to prepare slope-unit based landslide susceptibility maps. [...]
Place-level urban-rural indices for the United States from 1930 to 2018
Published: 2022-02-28
Subjects: Applied Statistics, Geographic Information Sciences, Geography, Human Geography, Longitudinal Data Analysis and Time Series, Social and Behavioral Sciences, Spatial Science
Rural-urban classifications are essential for analyzing geographic, demographic, environmental, and social processes across the rural-urban continuum. Most existing classifications are, however, only available at relatively aggregated spatial scales, such as at the county scale in the United States. The absence of rurality or urbanness measures at high spatial resolution poses significant [...]
Marine ecosystem changepoints spread under ocean warming in an Earth System Model
Published: 2022-03-09
Subjects: Earth Sciences
Sudden shifts in marine plankton communities in response to environmental changes are of special concern because of their low predictability and high potential impacts on ocean ecosystems. We explored how anthropogenic climate change influences the spatial extent and frequency of changepoints in plankton populations by comparing the behavior of a plankton community in a coupled Earth System Model [...]
Origin and kinematics of a basin-scale, non-polygonal, layer-bound normal fault system in the Levant Basin, eastern Mediterranean
Published: 2022-02-28
Subjects: Geology, Tectonics and Structure
Polygonal, layer-bound normal faults can extend over very large areas (>2,000,000 km2) of sedimentary basins. Best developed in very fine-grained rocks, these faults are thought to form during early burial in response to a range of diagenetic processes, including compaction and water expulsion. Local deviations from this idealised polygonal pattern are common; however, basin-scale, layer-bound [...]
Heralds of a Future Eruption? Swarms of Microseismicity beneath the submarine Kolumbo Volcano indicate Opening of near-vertical Fractures exploited by ascending Melts
Published: 2022-02-28
Subjects: Geophysics and Seismology
The Kolumbo submarine volcano in the southern Aegean (Greece) is associated with repeated seismic unrest since at least two decades and the causes of this unrest are still hardly understood. We present a ten-month long microseismicity dataset for the period 2006-2007. The majority of earthquakes clusters in a cone-shaped portion of the crust below Kolumbo. The tip of this cone coincides with a [...]
High-resolution Ge-Si-Fe, Cr isotope and Th-U data for the Neoarchean Temagami BIF, Canada, suggest primary origin of BIF bands and oxidative terrestrial weathering 2.7 Ga ago
Published: 2022-03-01
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geochemistry, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
ABSTRACT Unique deposits that formed in the Precambrian oceans are the Banded Iron-Formations (BIFs) which are chemical sediments comprised of alternating layers of iron- and silica-dominated precipitates. The origin of this enigmatic banding is still debated, with most favoring a primary sedimentary and a few others arguing for a secondary diagenetic origin. We here used a high-resolution [...]
Camera-Based Intelligent Stream Stage Sensing for Decentralized Environmental Monitoring
Published: 2022-03-02
Subjects: Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Engineering, Environmental Monitoring, Water Resource Management
On average, flood damages cost $4.4 billion in the US annually. Accurate, vast, and real-time coverage of water level monitoring is crucial for the advancement of environmental research, specifically in the areas of climate change, water distribution, and natural disaster preparedness and management. According to a 2018 EPA report, there are 2.7 million streams and associated watersheds in the US [...]
State-dependence of Cenozoic thermal extremes
Published: 2022-03-09
Subjects: Earth Sciences
Oxygen isotopes in sediments reflect Earth's past temperature, revealing a cooling over the Cenozoic punctuated by multimillenial thermal extreme events. These extremes are captured by the generalized extreme value distribution, and the distribution's shape changes with baseline temperature such that large thermal extremes are more likely in warmer climates. Anthropogenic warming has the [...]
Acting on Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) synergies and trade-offs requires policy-focused systems tools
Published: 2022-03-04
Subjects: Environmental Studies, Systems Engineering
Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is contingent on managing complex interactions that create synergies and trade-offs between different goals. Given the importance of interactions, it is necessary to understand the system mechanisms underpinning them to provide insight into their non-linear behaviours such as side-effects, delay, and acceleration. Prominent methods of SDG [...]