Preprints
Filtering by Subject: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Bimodal Astroclimatic Modulation of ENSO Dynamics by Net Shortwave Solar Radiation
Published: 2025-10-27
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The persistent Spring Predictability Barrier (SPB) suggests that current ENSO models may omit a crucial external forcing. This study identifies and quantifies a bimodal, season-dependent modulation of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) during the 1999–2024 period, driven by variations in net short-wave solar radiation. Using a SARIMAX framework combined with permutation tests, two distinct [...]
Emerging Remote Sensing Tools for Comprehensive Cryosphere Assessment
Published: 2025-10-27
Subjects: Climate, Earth Sciences, Environmental Indicators and Impact Assessment, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Sciences, Oceanography, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Other Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
This review synthesizes current remote sensing (RS) applications for monitoring Earth's cryosphere, encompassing ice sheets, glaciers, sea ice, snow cover, permafrost, and mountain ice features. It examines how satellite-based technologies, including radar interferometry, laser altimetry, passive microwave sensors, and optical imagery, have revolutionized cryospheric science by enabling [...]
Mars' Lowest and Highest Points Revisited
Published: 2025-10-25
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Planetary Geomorphology, Planetary Sciences
We present revised values for Mars’ extreme elevations using a blended digital elevation model (DEM) that combines altimetry collected from the Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) on NASA’s Mars Global Surveyor with stereo imagery from the High Resolution Stereo Camera (HRSC) on ESA’s Mars Express. The widely cited minimum elevation is derived from an earlier MOLA-only DEM which lacks direct [...]
A Static Enthalpy Equilibrium Approach to the Stability of Saturated Sands
Published: 2025-10-25
Subjects: Civil and Environmental Engineering, Civil Engineering, Construction Engineering and Management, Earth Sciences, Engineering, Environmental Engineering, Geotechnical Engineering, Hydraulic Engineering, Mineral Physics, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Sedimentology
This study introduces a static enthalpy equilibrium as a general physical condition defining stability of saturated sand. The formulation expresses equilibrium as the equality between the structural enthalpy released by the granular framework and the hydraulic work capacity of the pore water. The formulation is general and applies without restriction to all saturated sands, providing a physical [...]
Aerial LiDAR Based, Source Resolved Methane Emissions Inventory: Permian Basin Case Study for Benchmarking U.S. Emissions
Published: 2025-10-25
Subjects: Engineering, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Reducing methane emissions is one of the quickest ways to slow near-term warming, yet building accurate inventories to track progress towards reduction targets remains challenging. We present a 2024 source-resolved methane inventory for the Permian Basin built from quarterly aerial LiDAR scans that supports benchmarking and provides a scalable framework for operator-level OGMP 2.0 reporting. We [...]
Intermittent supershear rupture punctuated by barrier-induced stopping phase during the 2025 Mw 7.8 Myanmar Earthquake: Evidence from near-fault strong motion observation
Published: 2025-10-24
Subjects: Geology, Geophysics and Seismology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Supershear rupture has been investigated by many studies, yet its exact characteristics during natural earthquakes are not fully clear, due to the paucity of near-field constraints. Here we analyze the strong motion data recorded at a near-fault station during the 2025 Mw 7.8 Myanmar earthquake to estimate the detailed source process around that station. By comparing simulated velocity waveforms [...]
MPsizeBase: a database for particle size distributed environmental microplastic data
Published: 2025-10-24
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Understanding the sources, dispersion, and health impacts of microplastic (MP) pollution requires quantitative observations in terms of MP number and/or mass concentrations. Measurements of environmental MP fragments or fibers typically target variable size spans within the formal 1 to 5000 µm range, due to different sampling and detection techniques, and are therefore not directly comparable. In [...]
Response of atmospheric convection to surface drying: new insights from isentropic analysis
Published: 2025-10-24
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
There is strong evidence that the atmospheric moisture content of several solar system planets, including Earth, has varied over their lifetimes. A growing body of work also documents a range of atmospheric water vapor content on exoplanets. An improved understanding of the coupling between atmospheric moisture availability and convection could yield greater intuition about the past and current [...]
Reversal of extreme precipitation trends over the Northeast US in response to aggressive climate mitigation in GFDL SPEAR
Published: 2025-10-24
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Rapid reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations are increasingly included in mitigation strategies, yet the response of regional climate extremes to such reductions remain highly uncertain. Here, we assess projected changes in extreme precipitation over the Northeast US under an aggressive overshoot mitigation pathway (SSP5-3.4OS), simulated by the fully coupled 25-km GFDL SPEAR climate [...]
On radiocarbon near the epicenter of the 1908 Tunguska event
Published: 2025-10-23
Subjects: Education, Engineering, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
This paper is a continuation of a series of works, devoted to various aspects of the 1908 Tunguska event. A large number of hypotheses about its causes have already been put forward. However, so far none of them has received convincing evidence. Since the late 1950s, a large number of studies have been carried out in the area of the Tunguska event, including those related to radiocarbon [...]
Rethinking livestock futures: Integrating climate impacts and genomic technologies into global food security models
Published: 2025-10-23
Subjects: Animal Sciences, Environmental Indicators and Impact Assessment, Environmental Sciences, Life Sciences, Other Life Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
With the projected increase in the global population and food demand on a planet in climate crisis, the debate about the role of livestock continues to intensify. Animals farmed for food are both a victim and a contributor of climate change (CC), with animals suffering from heat stress due to CC but also a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). Livestock studies have demonstrated [...]
Observations and interpretations of high-frequency volcanic tremor produced under varying seismic-acoustic amplitude ratios on Mt. Etna
Published: 2025-10-23
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
We present a comprehensive, high-resolution seismic-acoustic dataset from Mt. Etna acquired through a large, unprecedented deployment of seismometers and microphones in the summit region, highlighting rarely reported high-frequency (12–15Hz), short-duration volcanic tremor episodes. These events exhibit variable seismic-acoustic amplitude ratios, implying multiple triggering mechanisms. Our [...]
From Interface Dynamics to Darcy Scale Description of Multiphase Flow in Porous Media
Published: 2025-10-22
Subjects: Engineering, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
An outstanding characteristic of porous media, desired in many applications, is the large surface area, which facilitates solid-fluid interactions, making porous media an extreme case in colloid and interface science. In two-fluid systems, wetting and the balance of capillary and viscous forces control fluid displacement processes, leading to a wide range of complex flow regimes with rich [...]
Complex patterns of multiple diffusive source areas for high-frequency volcanic tremor on Mt. Etna
Published: 2025-10-20
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
In this study we present results from an unprecedented, dense, high-resolution seismic de- ployment on Mt. Etna that reveal rarely observed high-frequency tremor, predominantly in the 12–15Hz band. Such signals are typically overlooked at volcanoes due to strong scat- tering and rapid attenuation, which restrict their detection to near-source regions. By com- bining multi-array beamforming with a [...]
First documented record of the ammonite Turrilites costatus LAMARCK, 1801 from the Cenomanian of northern Saudi Arabia: Implications for Arabian Plate paleogeography
Published: 2025-10-19
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Paleontology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
This study presents the first documented occurrence of the heteromorph ammonite genus Turrilites LAMARCK, 1801, from the Cretaceous strata of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A dense, in-situ fossil assemblage, dominated by numerous specimens identified as Turrilites costatus LAMARCK, 1801, was discovered in an outcrop of the Aruma Formation located 9.5 km south of the city of Ar’ar in northern Saudi [...]