Preprints
Filtering by Subject: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Submesoscale frontal dynamics modulate ocean heat transport beneath Antarctic sea ice
Published: 2026-08-06
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Antarctic sea ice has experienced unprecedented declines in recent years, yet the processes governing the transfer of subsurface ocean heat toward the ice remain poorly understood. Here, sub-kilometer hydrographic observations collected by an instrumented seal reveal intense, intermittent, and bidirectional vertical heat transport beneath sea ice in the East Antarctic marginal ice zone. During a [...]
Mapping Urban Heat Vulnerability in London: Multi-Scale Geospatial Analysis Using Machine Learning, SHAP Explainability, and Temporal Mortality Data
Published: 2026-08-06
Subjects: Environmental Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Urban heat is a significant cause of mortality. In London, during the summer of 2022, the United Kingdom experienced its first recorded 40°C day, resulting in excess mortality levels not observed since pre-antibiotic influenza seasons. On 19 July 2022, London reached a temperature of 40.3°C, the highest recorded in the United Kingdom, which corresponded to 18,435 excess deaths in England and [...]
Split-Spectrum InSAR for Reliable Ionospheric Correction: A Critical Review of Uncertainty, Validation, and Reproducibility
Published: 2026-08-05
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Split-spectrum interferometry provides a physically grounded means of separating dispersive ionospheric phase from non-dispersive deformation-related phase in Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar observations. Its practical reliability, however, depends on processing choices that are often reported incompletely and validated inconsistently. This critical narrative review examines the physical [...]
Plume Origin Localisation with Computer Vision
Published: 2026-08-05
Subjects: Climate, Environmental Monitoring, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Satellite remote sensing has become a critical tool for monitoring, measuring, and mitigating methane emissions globally. Reliable attribution of methane plumes to their source facility is needed to enable emission mitigation action, robust emissions accounting, and regulatory oversight. Although experts can manually attribute plumes to individual facilities, automated approaches are required for [...]
Scale-Aware Uncertainty-Aware Machine Learning for Gold Prospectivity Mapping: Evidence-Range Audits for Exploration Targeting
Published: 2026-08-04
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Mineral exploration is expensive because most land has not been tested directly. A missing deposit record is therefore not the same as a true absence record. This paper develops a scale-aware positive-unlabeled learning framework for gold prospectivity mapping using public geological and mineral-occurrence data. The main method is the Non-Gold Evidence Transfer Field (NGETF). NGETF removes every [...]
Questioning the Ferromanganese Nodule Dark Oxygen Production Hypothesis
Published: 2026-08-04
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
A registered public-data reproducibility benchmark for the reported PKiKP detection of a Martian inner core
Published: 2026-08-03
Subjects: Astrophysics and Astronomy, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, The Sun and the Solar System
Bi et al. (2025) infer a 600-km Martian solid inner core partly from a PKiKP vespagram peak at 604 ± 2 s after P and −6.5 ± 0.6 s/deg from stacked InSight marsquakes. We present a registered public-data reimplementation; success criteria, windows, and statistical rules were frozen before outcome inspection, and the headline lane uses the public MPS deglitch stage. We recover a local maximum [...]
Probability-Perturbation McMC for 3D Bayesian TDEM Inversion with Unknown Covariance Parameters
Published: 2026-08-03
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
We present a hierarchical Bayesian inversion framework for large-scale 3D time-domain electromagnetic (TDEM) data that jointly infers the subsurface conductivity field and the parameters controlling a Gaussian process (GP) covariance function, requiring minimal assumptions about subsurface spatial structure. The framework addresses two fundamental bottlenecks in 3D probabilistic inversion: the [...]
Fourier Neural Operator Surrogates for Hysteretic Multiphase Flow in Heterogeneous Geological CO2 Storage Reservoirs
Published: 2026-08-03
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Fluid Dynamics, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Modeling hysteresis in heterogeneous field-scale reservoirs is essential for estimating residual CO2 trapping capacity and assessing the security of geological storage. This requires accounting for both relative permeability hysteresis and capillary pressure hysteresis, which control path-dependent multiphase flow and the spatial distribution of trapped gas. Because maximum residual gas [...]
Dynamic Leveling of the Kanto Basin, Japan: A Unified Model Linking the Kanto Fragment and Mw 8 Deep Earthquakes
Published: 2026-08-03
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The Kanto Basin in central Japan has preserved an anomalously flat surface for more than one million years, defying the intense compressional tectonic regime of the Japanese island arc. Conventional static sedimentation and sea‑level fluctuation models cannot adequately explain this long‑term planar stability. This study proposes a dynamic leveling mechanism driven by two interacting deep [...]
A Simple Method for Assessing Global Warming of the Earth
Published: 2026-08-02
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Observational science, such as climate science, is experiencing unprecedented development owing to the enormous volume of data generated every day and the increasing use of artificial intelligence, which significantly facilitates and accelerates data processing, analysis, and interpretation. Any significant change in the main measured or calculated variables used for environmental monitoring [...]
Model and algorithm for constructing a horizon surface in the vicinity of a single fault
Published: 2026-07-30
Subjects: Engineering, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The article addresses the problem of constructing 3D structural models of geological horizons under faulting conditions. The most labor-intensive stage of structural reservoir modeling is the construction of horizon surfaces that must simultaneously fit seismic data and satisfy structural consistency conditions near faults. It is proposed to reduce the problem of recovering the "unreliable" [...]
MUONITH v1.0 — A Fast Simulation Tool for Multi-directional Muography Observation Design
Published: 2026-07-29
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geophysics and Seismology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Multi-directional muography is a non-destructive technique for imaging the three-dimensional density structure of large objects such as volcanoes. Recent developments in detector technology—miniaturization, low-power operation, and weight reduction—are rapidly expanding the range of feasible observation sites, and detector deployment by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is also being studied; in [...]
Thin Ice DEM Model Based on Smoothed Elements: A 2.5-Dimensional DEM Approach for Ice–Structure Interaction Simulation
Published: 2026-07-29
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The user wants just the updated abstract in plain text format, with α removed.` We present a novel 2.5-dimensional Discrete Element Method (DEM) model, termed the Thin Ice Model (TIM), for efficient simulation of ice-structure interactions in broken and unbroken sea ice fields. The model is based on Voronoi tessellation of a single-layer ice sheet, where the ratio of element area to thickness [...]
A Blueprint for Modern Floodplain Management: System Requirements and Architecture for AI-Ready Platforms
Published: 2026-07-29
Subjects: Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Computer Sciences, Engineering, Hydraulic Engineering, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Water Resource Management
Floodplain managers play a critical role in mitigating flood risks and ensuring compliance with federal, state, and local regulations. Their daily work often depends on a patchwork of standalone tools, manual processes, and legacy systems that have evolved over time to meet regulatory and community needs. To establish a foundation for next-generation technological solutions, we synthesized [...]