Preprints
Filtering by Subject: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Joint falsification of gravity, magnetotelluric and surface-wave data resolves a fertile-corridor discriminator: the Al Amar suture, Arabian Shield
Published: 2026-07-16
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
A prospective mineral province is defined by deep structure that is known only from sparse geophysical data, and any one dataset permits several geological interpretations. This paper describes a prototype that converts a geologist's written tectonic history into a falsifiable prior on deep petrophysical structure and asks which measurements separate geologically distinct histories. A language [...]
Improving PM2.5 Estimation from Satellite Aerosol Optical Depth Using Boundary Layer Height and Meteorological Variables
Published: 2026-07-15
Subjects: Atmospheric Sciences, Earth Sciences, Environmental Monitoring, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Accurate estimation of surface particulate matter (PM2.5) from satellite observations remains challenging because aerosol optical depth (AOD) represents column-integrated aerosol loading and is strongly influenced by meteorological conditions. This study investigates the relationship between satellite-derived AOD, meteorological variables, and surface PM2.5 concentrations over Mumbai, India, [...]
The tidal-force theory of the Indian summer monsoon
Published: 2026-07-14
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Education, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Science and Mathematics Education
This article elaborates on the theory that both lunar and solar tractive tidal forces generate the wind flows responsible for the ISMR. Monsoon variability shows that the monsoon (ISMR) is not periodic simply on the tropical year or the Gregorian calendar. However, it was observed that the seemingly delayed monsoons of 2004 and 2026 came right on time for the rainy season on the traditional [...]
Applicability of Total Horizontal Potential-Difference Magnitude to 2D Inversion for Dipole-Dipole Array Data in Complex 3D Structures with Strong Resistivity Contrasts
Published: 2026-07-13
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Complex 3D subsurface structures with strong resistivity contrasts can cause the horizontal electric field to deviate substantially from the survey-line direction. Under such conditions, conventional 2D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), which relies only on the inline potential-difference component, may yield incomplete inversion results. Although full 3D interpretation using the [...]
On the retreat of lagoon-terminating glaciers: sometimes fresh, sometimes salty
Published: 2026-07-12
Subjects: Geomorphology, Glaciology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Coastal lagoon-terminating glaciers flow into water bodies of variable salinity and temperature, shaped by mixing meltwater, ocean water, and ice. They remain understudied yet increasingly important as coastal glacier margins retreat globally. Lagoon salinity influences circulation through interactions with buoyant subglacial discharge. Water temperature, modulated by ocean connectivity and [...]
A machine learning approach for detecting biofouling in oceanographic data
Published: 2026-07-11
Subjects: Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Fluid Dynamics, Numerical Analysis and Computation, Oceanography, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Autonomous ocean observing platforms collect long-term biogeochemical time series, but sensor degradation from biofouling introduces progressive biases that contaminate the climate record. This work focuses on the BGC-Argo fleet of profiling floats, where optical sensors measuring chlorophyll-a and backscatter are particularly susceptible to biofouling. Current detection relies on per-float [...]
Novel pseudo-logistic spatial regression for the assessment of local/zonal susceptibility to landslides – case study in Central Vietnam (Bình Định Province)
Published: 2026-07-10
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Abstract. The exploratory geographic modeling process aims to formalize spatial relationships through the combination of metrics or variables that explain spatial phenomena and integrate spatial dimensions. This study adopts a similari-ty-based induction process, evaluating multidimensional distances using derived variables or exploratory geographic modeling metrics. The methodology integrates [...]
Validation of Baer-Babinet's Law using modern Landsat retrievals
Published: 2026-07-10
Subjects: Environmental Sciences, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
In this study, I use a modern river erosion dataset created by Langhorst and Pavelsky (LP) in 2023 (LP 2023) to validate the long-standing contention behind Baer-Babinet's Law (BBL). This law postulates that rivers preferentially erode the right bank of rivers in the Northern Hemisphere and the left bank in the Southern Hemisphere, as a result of the Coriolis Force. Albert Einstein also published [...]
Problems of Global Ocean Averages and Integrals
Published: 2026-07-10
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The ocean circulation exhibits a great regional variation in the temporal behavior of physical parameters such as temperature or salt or carbon. Some of the variety is very familiar, e.g. equatorial versus mid-latitude, but in addition much heterogeneity appears within those very large-scale geographical regions. Questions arise in computing and understanding the meaning of such quantities as the [...]
A Multiscale Geometric PDE Framework Coupling Macroscopic Curvature and Microscopic Grain Boundary Motion: An Application to Snow Deformation and Sintering
Published: 2026-07-09
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The motion of grain boundaries in polycrystalline materials and porous media has conventionally been modeled by local geometric evolution equations, such as Mean Curvature Flow (MCF). However, existing models primarily depend on local interfacial geometry and generally do not account for the influence of macroscopic curvature fields induced by the deformation of the bulk continuum. In this study, [...]
Decomposing drivers of global temperature change after net zero
Published: 2026-07-09
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Net-zero CO2 (NZCO2) and greenhouse gas emission (GHG) targets are central to the development of mitigation scenarios. Global surface air temperature (GSAT) change after NZCO2 depends on several factors that broadly fall into two categories: scenario-specific factors that account for the diversity of possible mitigation pathways to net zero and beyond, and model-specific factors that describe the [...]
Toxic Ultrafine to Nanoparticulate Materials in Wildfire Smoke
Published: 2026-07-08
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Wildfire smoke contains metal-laden ultrafine particles (less than 0.25 µm) systematically overlooked in air quality monitoring, representing a hidden hazard. We show that these ultrafine particles dominate smoke composition, accounting for >60% of particle mass and carrying toxic metals including chromium, nickel, and titanium at sizes down to 5 nm, small enough to penetrate lung barriers and [...]
Wind farms occupy fire-prone terrain but show no evidence of targeting burnt land: a multi-scale, time-ordered analysis for Greece
Published: 2026-07-08
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
A recurring claim in Greek public discourse holds that wildfires are set to clear land for wind farms, so that turbines end up on burnt ground. We test this with a design built to avoid the base-rate fallacy of simple overlap statistics, comparing the operational Greek wind fleet against wind-viable land with a use-availability case-control model and a time-ordered survival model, on a scale [...]
Stable estimates of when global temperature thresholds will be crossed: least-squares fits as the end date of the fitted span is reduced
Published: 2026-07-07
Subjects: Climate, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Reliable estimates of when global mean temperature will exceed the Paris Agreement's 2°C threshold1 are generally derived from emissions scenarios and climate models rather than from the observed temperature record itself. This study investigates whether the observed warming trajectory alone can provide a stable empirical estimate of the crossing date. Least-squares exponential, quadratic and [...]
Flood Risk Management Strategies for Bridgeport, Connecticut: AComparative Analysis of Infrastructure Hardening and Managed Retreat
Published: 2026-07-07
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
This study analyzes sea-level rise management options for Bridgeport, Connecticut, comparing infrastructurehardening and managed retreat using a mixed-methods approach that integrates geospatial analysis, policy analysis,and vulnerability assessment. Sea-level rise projections under NOAA scenarios range from 3.3 ft (low emission) to15.1 ft (extreme) by 2100, with the South End and East End [...]