Preprints
Filtering by Subject: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
An event-based methodology to estimate emissions from upstream O&G sites
Published: 2025-04-05
Subjects: Engineering, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Estimating annual site-level emissions in the oil and gas (O&G) sector is a key requirement for regulatory and voluntary initiatives worldwide. This study introduces an Emission Event Data Model (EEDM) that applies Allen’s interval algebra and spatial proximity to group multi-scale emissions observation and O&G operational data into discrete events. The model classifies emissions events [...]
A New Fault Model for the 1933 Long Beach Earthquake, Long Beach Area, Southern California
Published: 2025-04-05
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geology, Geophysics and Seismology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Newly identified thrust faults and their corresponding thrust sheets, combined with recent micro-earthquake epicenters, better explain anomalous rupture data observed during the 1933 Long Beach Earthquake than previous models based exclusively on Newport-Inglewood Fault Zone strike-slip faulting. A high-quality 45 km2 3D seismic dataset was recorded in 2017, centered along the Seal Beach [...]
Geoscientific Input Feature Selection for CNN-driven Mineral Prospectivity Mapping
Published: 2025-04-04
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
In recent years, machine learning techniques such as convolutional neural networks have been used for mineral prospectivity mapping. Since a diverse range of geoscientific data are often available for training, it is computationally challenging to select a subset of features that optimizes model performance. Our study aims to demonstrate the effect of optimal input feature selection on [...]
Chaotic variability of the magnetic field at Earth's surface driven by ionospheric and space plasmas
Published: 2025-04-04
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
It is shown that the universal chaotic/turbulent processes in space (solar wind and magnetosphere) and in ionospheric plasmas drive the chaotic temporal variability and determine the level of randomness of the magnetic field at Earth's surface in the temporal range from a few hours to a few years. The results of observations provided by the spacecraft and satellite missions, and the global [...]
Active Face Emissions: An Opportunity for Reducing Methane Emissions in Global Waste Management
Published: 2025-04-03
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
This study used mobile surveys of ten Canadian landfills to assess how methane emissions varied across different landfill sources and operational conditions. The studied landfills included two closed landfills, four open landfills equipped with Gas Collection and Control Systems (GCCS), and four open landfills operating without GCCS. We employed the Gaussian dispersion model to estimate emissions [...]
Multiple scattering of seismic waves in a heterogeneous magmatic system and spectral characteristic of long period volcanic earthquakes
Published: 2025-04-03
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Long-Period (LP) volcanic earthquakes are characterized by a relatively long duration codas and spectra containing pronounced spectral peaks. These peculiar spectral characteristics are often attributed to source effects, such as resonances of fluid-filled cracks. In this paper, we report the results of numerical simulations of seismic wave propagation showing that the main signal features of the [...]
Embedding seismic scattering from seismograms
Published: 2025-04-03
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Heterogeneities in the Earth's crust scatter seismic waves at many scales, trapping seismic energy and producing coda waves that encode valuable information on geological structures. In regions such as volcanoes and fault systems, analyzing coda waves is essential for characterizing non-uniform subsurface heterogeneity, improving interpretation and seismic imaging. Here, we apply unsupervised [...]
Examining copper supply feasibility in decarbonization pathways: a mine-level dynamic approach
Published: 2025-04-01
Subjects: Engineering, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Primary copper production capacity is a major concern in light of estimates of future demand. This issue is not sufficiently taken into account in models providing decarbonization pathways. Our study assesses the feasibility of SSPs basic drivers for primary copper requirements derived from the DyMEMDS model, alongside our projections of primary copper production capacities. We introduce a [...]
Finding the potential height of tropical cyclone storm surges in a changing climate using Bayesian optimization
Published: 2025-04-01
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
We introduce a new framework for systematically exploring the largest storm surge heights that a tropical cyclone in a given climate can create. We calculate the tropical cyclone potential intensity and the potential size from climate model projections and find that both these limits increase in response to climate change. We then use Bayesian optimization with a barotropic ocean circulation [...]
Volcano flank instabilities and lateral collapse
Published: 2025-03-31
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The gravitational instability and subsequent lateral collapse of a volcano is a common phenomenon observed in most types of volcanoes, from continental to oceanic environments. Both intrinsic and extrinsic factors contribute to volcanic collapse, including the volcano's internal structure, geological setting, and a range of volcanic and non-volcanic processes, including climatic conditions. [...]
The evolution of methane production rates from young to mature thermokarst 1 lakes
Published: 2025-03-30
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Thermokarst lakes, formed by permafrost thaw in the Arctic, are hotspots for methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and are expected to double permafrost carbon emissions by the end of the century. While the implications of ongoing permafrost thaw on methane dynamics within these lakes have been modeled, here we provide empirical data on methane production dynamics as lakes evolve from [...]
A new hypothesis for bimodal volcanism in the Kermadec Arc
Published: 2025-03-29
Subjects: Geochemistry, Geology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Volcanology
Bimodal volcanism of basaltic and rhyolitic magmas in the Kermadec Arc has been attributed to the fractional crystallization of basaltic sources. However, new evidence from the Kibblewhite Volcano reveals two distinct differentiation pathways originating from mantle-derived basaltic and andesitic primary magmas. Here we employ geothermobarometric estimations, mass-balance calculations, and [...]
Rheological control of crystal fabrics on Antarctic ice shelves
Published: 2025-03-28
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Ice crystal fabrics can exert significant rheological control on ice sheets and ice shelves, potentially softening or hardening anisotropic ice by several orders of magnitude compared to isotropic ice. We introduce an anisotropic extension of the Shallow Shelf Approximation (SSA), allowing for fabric-induced viscous anisotropy to affect the flow of ice shelves in coupled, transient simulations. [...]
Ore deposits formed during crustal magmatism and related hydrothermal processes: Formation, beneficiation, and the environmental and social considerations of utilization
Published: 2025-03-28
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Crustal magmatic systems that form volcanoes also produce mineral deposits that are important sources of critical metals. These include porphyry, epithermal, skarn, iron-oxide-copper-gold, and Carlin-type mineral deposits that form by magmatic-hydrothermal processes, magmatic sulfide deposits that form by purely igneous processes, and pegmatite deposits that form by both processes. These mineral [...]
Meteorites weathering under a variety of conditions in the Lut Desert
Published: 2025-03-26
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Climate, topography, and geomorphology are fundamental terrestrial environmental factors that play a significant role in shaping rock weathering processes across Earth's surface. These elements are particularly crucial when studying meteorite weathering, as they dictate the microenvironmental conditions that influence both physical and chemical alterations over time. Despite extensive research on [...]