Preprints
Filtering by Subject: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Lower crustal magmatic processes and andesite genesis at Shiveluch Volcano
Published: 2025-12-15
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The silicic melts that eventually erupt at arc volcanoes are produced in the lower crust, yet, the storage conditions of magma in the lower crust have not been the topic of extensive study. In this study, we conduct and analyze hydrous piston cylinder experiments to determine the mid-to-lower magma storage conditions of primitive melt at Shiveluch, an arc volcano located in northern Kamchatka. [...]
An update of the LDEO fCO2-Residual method: algorithmic choices improve ocean carbon sink estimates
Published: 2025-12-12
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
We evaluate the impact of various algorithmic design choices on reconstruction skill and estimated air-sea CO2 flux using the fCO2-Residual machine learning (ML) method (Bennington et al., 2022a) to reconstruct surface ocean fCO2. We reconstruct fCO2 globally over the period 1982-2023 by optimizing the hyperparameter selection process (ResidualOPT) and/or using ΔfCO2-Residual (subtracting fCO2atm [...]
Vegetation Does Not Control Suspended Sediment Deposition in Salt Marshes
Published: 2025-12-12
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Intertidal marshes are valuable geophysical systems, but their extent is rapidly declining globally. Marshes tend to keep up with sea-level rise through suspended-sediment and organic-matter deposition, up to a marsh-specific threshold rate of sea-level rise. Studies that explore marsh survival often assume that inorganic sediment deposition rates are directly linked to the density of marsh [...]
Towards Entire Wavefield Inversion in Highly Scattering Volcanic Environments using Fourier Neural Operators
Published: 2025-12-12
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Seismic imaging in volcanic environments is highly challenging due to significant scattering of seismic waves on multiple spatial scales. When these wavefields are recorded on the surface by seismic arrays, seismograms generally contain information-rich codas in addition to ballistic first arrivals. Later reflected and refracted arrivals are often completely masked by the scattered coda waves. [...]
Influence of sea surface temperature patterns and mean warming on past and future Atlantic hurricane activity
Published: 2025-12-11
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
This study investigates the relative contributions of large-scale thermodynamic and dynamic processes to multidecadal changes in Atlantic tropical cyclone (TC) activity, spanning the historical record since the late 19th century, and extending to 2100 projections. We employ a framework that decomposes TC counts into precursor disturbances that transition into fully developed storms, applied to [...]
Nanometallogeny: The role of the nano-effect in the enrichment, migration and mineralization of rare element, rare earth element and precious metal deposits
Published: 2025-12-11
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
geosciences to better understand what is perhaps the most economically important field in geology: the enrichment, migration and deposition of mineral deposits. Ore-bearing fluids and ore particles behave differently at the nano-scale compared to the more familiar macro-scale. Nanometallogenic processes have been used to explain the mechanism in which rare elements with extremely low abundance in [...]
PetThermoTools: a fast, flexible, and accessible Python3 package for performing thermodynamic calculations
Published: 2025-12-11
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
We present PetThermoTools - an open-source Python3 tool for performing thermodynamic simulations of mantle and magmatic processes. Thermodynamic modeling forms a central component to many research projects in igneous petrology. However, few studies utilize the full potential of these methods due to the steep learning curve associated with existing code or text-based interfaces (e.g., [...]
Oceanic Anoxic Event 3 coincided with peak Caribbean Large Igneous Province volcanism at 88 Ma
Published: 2025-12-10
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The high-volume, short-lived magma flux associated with the eruption of oceanic large igneous provinces (LIPs) is believed to have triggered Cretaceous Oceanic Anoxic Events, most notably OAE1 (~120–100 Ma) and OAE2 (~94 Ma). In contrast, OAE3 (~88–84 Ma) is considered to have occurred independently of LIP volcanism. Here we present a record of OAE3-related black shale deposition in Costa Rica [...]
Multi-Planar Hierarchy in Pan-American Seismic Fractality: A Bayesian Resolution to the Projection Paradox
Published: 2025-12-10
Subjects: Applied Statistics, Earth Sciences, Geophysics and Seismology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Statistics and Probability
Earthquake catalogs worldwide exhibit an enduring paradox: seismicity appears confined to planar faults (correlation dimension D2≈ 2.0), yet operates within volumetric lithospheric deformation. We resolve this paradox through Bayesian fractal analysis of 50,010 earthquakes across seven Pan-American tectonic regimes (2010–2025), revealing that apparent planarity reflects instrumental projection [...]
Seasonal Wind Turbine-Associated Lightning in Central Europe
Published: 2025-12-09
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
We report systematic evidence that cold-season lightning in Central Eu- rope frequently occurs in close proximity to wind turbines. Using Blitzor- tung stroke data (2021–2024), ENTLN data (2023), and electric field mea- surements, we identify a recurring phenomenon - Seasonal Wind Turbine- Associated Lightning (SWAL), characterised by strokes clustering within proximity of wind turbines and [...]
From Empirical Curves to AI-Derived Rainfall Thresholds for Landslide Initiation in Peninsular Malaysia
Published: 2025-12-09
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Rainfall-induced landslides are a persistent hazard in Malaysia, yet existing rainfall thresholds remain largely based on empirical methods and often lack regional adaptability. This study employs machine learning (ML) based rainfall thresholds for landslide initiation in Peninsular Malaysia. A dataset of rainfall events from 70 rainfall stations across peninsular Malaysia linked with documented [...]
Subduction-driven mantle flow beneath and around the Philippine Sea Plate from seismic anisotropy
Published: 2025-12-08
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Shear-wave splitting illuminates mantle flow and subduction zone dynamics but is typically inferred near stations or earthquakes, limiting studies in sparsely instrumented regions away from earthquakes. Where stations or earthquakes are present, fast splitting directions are often parallel to the nearest trench, which has yet to be fully understood and reconciled with geodynamic flow predictions. [...]
Dynamics, interactions and delays of the 2019 Ridgecrest rupture sequence
Published: 2025-12-08
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The observational difficulties and the complexity of earthquake physics have rendered seismic hazard assessment largely empirical. Despite increasingly high-quality geodetic, seismic and field observations, data-driven earthquake imaging yields stark differences and physics-based models explaining all observed dynamic complexities are elusive. Here we present data-assimilated three-dimensional [...]
Large-scale flow toward low-velocity anomalies reconciles seismic and geodynamic constraints in the deepest mantle beneath Alaska
Published: 2025-12-05
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Deep mantle downwellings are typically located away from the two Large Low-Velocity Provinces (LLVPs) in Earth's mantle. Geodynamic models based on global seismic tomography generally predict that convective flow at the core-mantle boundary (CMB) spreads laterally away from downwelling regions and towards LLVPs. While this offers a framework for understanding large-scale deformation in the [...]
Open-source tools for making geometrically-complex fault surfaces
Published: 2025-12-05
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Three--dimensional fault geometries are critical for realistic analyses of crustal deformation, seismic hazard, and rupture dynamics, yet 3D fault datasets are sparse outside a few well--studied regions. We present a set of free and open-source QGIS plugins that enable users to construct accurate 3D fault surfaces from common types of geological and geophysical data. The workflow combines (1) [...]