Preprints
Filtering by Subject: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
From Interface Dynamics to Darcy Scale Description of Multiphase Flow in Porous Media
Published: 2025-10-22
Subjects: Engineering, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
An outstanding characteristic of porous media, desired in many applications, is the large surface area, which facilitates solid-fluid interactions, making porous media an extreme case in colloid and interface science. In two-fluid systems, wetting and the balance of capillary and viscous forces control fluid displacement processes, leading to a wide range of complex flow regimes with rich [...]
Complex patterns of multiple diffusive source areas for high-frequency volcanic tremor on Mt. Etna
Published: 2025-10-20
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
In this study we present results from an unprecedented, dense, high-resolution seismic de- ployment on Mt. Etna that reveal rarely observed high-frequency tremor, predominantly in the 12–15Hz band. Such signals are typically overlooked at volcanoes due to strong scat- tering and rapid attenuation, which restrict their detection to near-source regions. By com- bining multi-array beamforming with a [...]
First documented record of the ammonite Turrilites costatus LAMARCK, 1801 from the Cenomanian of northern Saudi Arabia: Implications for Arabian Plate paleogeography
Published: 2025-10-19
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Paleontology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
This study presents the first documented occurrence of the heteromorph ammonite genus Turrilites LAMARCK, 1801, from the Cretaceous strata of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A dense, in-situ fossil assemblage, dominated by numerous specimens identified as Turrilites costatus LAMARCK, 1801, was discovered in an outcrop of the Aruma Formation located 9.5 km south of the city of Ar’ar in northern Saudi [...]
Stratigraphy and Mapping of Shale Formations
Published: 2025-10-18
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Shale is one of the most important rocks in geoscience from applied perspective. Commonly shale is considered to be deposited in quiet water condition in deep basins. Shales in sequence stratigraphy have been discussed in geoscience that enables us to understand the large-scale perspective of exploration. Shales have been studied also for chemostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, and by geophysical [...]
Explaining the Equatorial Pacific Thermocline Response to Climate Change with a Model Hierarchy
Published: 2025-10-18
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Most studies of the equatorial Pacific response to anthropogenic forcing have focused on patterns of sea surface temperature (SST) change. However, similar SST patterns can be consistent with a range of different subsurface responses, each with differing physical and biogeochemical implications. While historical observation and climate model mismatches have been suggested in the literature, we [...]
Instability and atmospheric CO2 anomalies in the recent global carbon cycle
Published: 2025-10-17
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
A major instability occurred in the recent global carbon cycle. It manifests as a major CO2 anomaly between 2009 and 2015 that is clearly seen in the residuals from generalized exponential growth, or equivalent quadratic curves through Taylor expansion, or 10-year running means. Our findings contradict recent assertions of the stability of the recent global carbon cycle based on growth rate [...]
Unlocking Gigatonne-scale Carbon Dioxide Removal with strategic tipping point frameworks
Published: 2025-10-17
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Social and Behavioral Sciences
Achieving global climate mitigation requires a rapid acceleration of Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) to gigatonne (Gt) scales by 2040. Linear growth in climate solutions is insufficient to reach these targets, but system-change practices and leveraging interventions that trigger self-reinforcing feedbacks ("tipping points"), offer a solution. Enhanced Rock Weathering (ERW) in Brazil is uniquely [...]
Direction-dependent permeability and resistivity of fractured rocks tuned to New Zealand geothermal reservoirs
Published: 2025-10-17
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Understanding permeability in the Earth is vital to optimizing sustainable resource development such as geothermal. In many geothermal fields, permeability is controlled by faults, resulting in high spatial and directional variability, difficult to characterise without costly drilling. Electrical resistivity, however, can be measured from the surface, and like permeability, is sensitive to fluids [...]
Sustainable Groundwater Decisions: Hydro-Economic Model Applications to Irrigation in Contrasting Environmental Conditions
Published: 2025-10-16
Subjects: Agriculture, Earth Sciences, Hydrology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Groundwater is important for global agriculture but increasing populations and rising food demand are placing significant pressure on its sustainable use for irrigation. Effective, financially viable irrigation management strategies are urgently needed. This study applies a farm-level hydro-economic model to two contrasting sites: the High Plains Aquifer (HPA), a deep, overexploited, unconfined [...]
Glacier processes from seismic recordings on Sørsdal Glacier, East Antarctica
Published: 2025-10-15
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geophysics and Seismology, Glaciology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
A catalogue of seismic events is produced and analysed for Sørsdal Glacier, East Antarctica. Recordings were made using an irregular array of three broadband and eight short-period seismometers, with approximately 3 km aperture, deployed slightly upstream of the expected grounding line during the 2017-18 austral summer. The broadband sensors were used to construct the event catalogue, and the [...]
Eocene lacustrine–volcaniclastic deposits at Aliabad (Central Iran): A possible Proto-basin of the Oligo-Miocene Qom Formation
Published: 2025-10-14
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geology, Paleobiology, Paleontology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Sedimentology, Stratigraphy, Volcanology
Central Iran hosts intricate Cenozoic successions where the Oligo‑Miocene Qom Formation forms a major hydrocarbon reservoir. The stratigraphic and paleoenvironmental relationship of the Eocene Aliabad deposits to this formation has been controversial. This study integrates stratigraphic logging, petrography, geochemistry (XRD/XRF), and ichnology on 46 thin sections from Aliabad and 157 [...]
Calcareous nannofossil assemblages from El Kef (Tunisia) reveal strong regional and bathymetric controls on Northern Hemisphere recovery patterns following the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) mass extinction
Published: 2025-10-12
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-Pg) mass extinction event ~66.0 million years ago (Ma), led to the elimination of over 75% of species on Earth and drove large-scale ecological reorganization in both the marine and terrestrial realms. In particular, the nearly complete extinction of calcareous nannoplankton-the most dominant phytoplankton group at the end of the Cretaceous- led to a shift in community [...]
Dense neural network outperforms other machine learning models for scaling-up lichen cover maps in Eastern Canada
Published: 2025-10-12
Subjects: Environmental Sciences, Natural Resource Economics, Natural Resources Management and Policy, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Sustainability
Lichen mapping is vital for caribou management plans and sustainable land conservation. Previous studies have used random forest, dense neural network, and convolutional neural network models for mapping lichen coverage. However, to date, it is not clear how these models rank in this task. In this study, these machine learning models were evaluated on their ability to predict lichen percent [...]
Variational numerical-modelling strategies for the simulation of driven free-surface waves
Published: 2025-10-12
Subjects: Engineering, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
A new tool is developed for simulating three-dimensional (3D) water-wave motion using the first fully variational 3D discretisation in space and time of Luke's variational principle (VP), with additional focus on the formation and analysis of extreme waves generated within in-house experimental wavetanks. The resulting ``numerical wavetank'' is able to emulate laboratory sea states in which [...]
Toward Greater Clarity: Reanalyzing Solomon’s Depiction of the Ross Ice Shelf Atmospheric Dynamic
Published: 2025-10-10
Subjects: Education, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Social and Behavioral Sciences
In her book The Coldest March, Dr. Susan Solomon’s influential interpretation of the meteorological conditions surrounding Captain Scott’s South Pole expedition emphasizes the role of extreme weather. However, a reassessment of her characterization of atmospheric dynamics over the Ross Ice Shelf—particularly regarding katabatic winds and airstream structure—reveals discrepancies with established [...]