Preprints
Filtering by Subject: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Exact solutions for ice flow across the no-slip to free-slip transition
Published: 2026-06-05
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The downhill flow of a viscous ice stream across a no-slip to free-slip transition remains elusive to exact solutions due to the existence of singularities. Here we replace the point-wise sharp transition by a functional dependency of parametrised horizontal length. Analytical solutions are found for the steady Navier-Stokes flow with Newtonian properties. Our solution remains smooth and [...]
Empirical Relationships Between Ground Motion Intensities and JMA Seismic Intensity Scale
Published: 2026-06-05
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
There is a growing appetite for parametric Japanese earthquake insurance products that use Japanese Meteorological Agency seismic intensity, IJMA, triggers. However, most earthquake risk models used to price these contracts do not compute IJMA directly, instead relying on conversions that introduce additional basis risk. Here, we present empirical parameterisations of IJMA as a function of all [...]
Satellite Embedding: A Review
Published: 2026-06-04
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Satellite embeddings have become a practical interface between large-scale Earth observation data and downstream geospatial analysis, yet the liter ature is still organized mainly around foundation models rather than the embeddings they produce. This review reframes the area from an embedding centered perspective. We first define satellite embeddings as reusable latent representations derived [...]
Constraints on magma source conditions from hydraulic fracture models and seismic observations of dyke tip deceleration
Published: 2026-06-04
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Seismicity shows that magmatic dykes decelerate as they propagate laterally. Hydraulic fracture theory shows this deceleration relates to the coupling between the source and the dyke. Here, we use hydraulic fracture models to derive scaling laws for the length, width, and shape of dykes driven by three source boundary conditions: constant flux, constant pressure, and a finite volume release. [...]
Late Cretaceous channel flow in Western Arizona: Implications for the ancestral origin of metamorphic core complexes
Published: 2026-06-04
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The origin of ancestral ’extensional’ shear fabrics in metamorphic core complexes (MCCs) in the Colorado River Extensional Corridor remains a tectonic mystery. Here we show that Late-Cretaceous metamorphic rocks and migmatites in the Harcuvar-Harquahala and Granite Wash Mountains MCCs reached peak metamorphic conditions of ca. 0.75 GPa and 780°C and were extruded towards the SW onto lower grade [...]
Time domain full waveform inversion with decomposed Gauss-Newton Hessian
Published: 2026-06-03
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Full waveform inversion (FWI), a nonlinear data fitting approach for parameter estimation, is generally implemented with local optimization methods. The convergence of the iterations can be slow when the steepest descent direction provided by the negative gradient of the data misfit function is not preconditioned by the inverse full Newton Hessian or its linear approximation, namely the [...]
Comparing Process-Based and Machine Learning Models for Streamflow Prediction in the Kaligandaki River Basin, Nepal
Published: 2026-06-03
Subjects: Civil and Environmental Engineering, Earth Sciences, Engineering, Environmental Sciences, Hydrology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Water Resource Management
Reliable daily streamflow prediction is critical for hydropower operations, flood risk management, and irrigation planning in monsoon-dominated Himalayan river basins. While both process-based and machine learning (ML) approaches have been used for such tasks, systematic comparisons that decompose the sources of performance differences remain scarce. This study evaluates seven configurations: a [...]
Harmonized global to regional gridded methane inventories in a discrete global grid framework
Published: 2026-06-03
Subjects: Engineering, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Existing gridded methane emission inventories vary widely in resolution, sector schemes, formats, and units, hindering cross-comparison, integration with measurements, and use in emerging analytical frameworks, particularly because latitude-longitude grids have non-uniform cell areas that bias comparison and aggregation. Here, we present a harmonized methane emissions dataset that standardizes 13 [...]
Microplastic deposition controlled by fluvial sedimentary facies in an urban river
Published: 2026-06-02
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Microplastic particles (MP) are characterised by their irregular shapes, lower density relative to natural grains, often failing at subscribing to sedimentological transport laws under controlled experimental conditions. Mismanagement of plastic waste, including associated environmental and health concerns, underpins the importance of systematic field-based behavioural observations on their [...]
Mineral stabilization of soil organic sulfur at the continental scale
Published: 2026-06-01
Subjects: Biogeochemistry, Life Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Soil Science
Declining atmospheric sulfur (S) deposition makes S an emerging limiting macronutrient to plants, yet the stability and dynamics of soil organic S - the largest terrestrial S pool supplying plant-available sulfate via mineralization - remain unclear. Across North American soils, mineral-associated organic S (MAOS), a stabilized pool by mineral protection, dominates (61 ± 26% of the total soil S) [...]
Extreme changes in water level regenerate reed stands and a stable water regime leads to die-off: lessons from the analysis of 40-year satellite time series observations in a shallow lake ecosystem.
Published: 2026-05-30
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Hydrology, Natural Resources and Conservation, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology, Water Resource Management
Reed wetlands are key to the productivity of shallow lakes, and their condition is tightly governed by water level variability. Using long-term satellite observations, we provide the first analysis linking hydrology and reed vitality at Lake Neusiedl, a major climate sensitive wetland system in the Pannonian Basin. We assembled a 40-year record (1985–2025) of Landsat derived Enhanced Vegetation [...]
Future Strengthening of North Atlantic Anthropogenic Carbon Transport Despite AMOC Weakening
Published: 2026-05-30
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The North Atlantic is a major hotspot for the uptake, accumulation, and storage of anthropogenic carbon (Canth), processes that are closely linked to the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). However, the role of ocean transport in driving this accumulation remains poorly constrained, leading to uncertainty in future carbon uptake and circulation changes under climate forcing. CMIP6 [...]
A Petrographic P-Axis as an Independent State Coordinate of Coal Organic Matter: Decoupling of Organic Sulfur and Inorganic Fe–S Subsystems
Published: 2026-05-29
Subjects: Engineering, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
This study proposes an architectural framework for coal organic matter in which geochemical behavior emerges from the interaction of partially independent subsystems rather than from a single maturity or redox gradient. Using a globally compiled coal dataset, we introduce the P-axis—a petrographic coordinate derived exclusively from the balance between gelified and tissue-preserved vitrinite [...]
A benchmark deep learning dataset for the classification of supraglacial lake drainage mechanism across the central-west Greenland Ice Sheet
Published: 2026-05-29
Subjects: Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Earth Sciences, Glaciology, Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Supraglacial lakes on the Greenland Ice Sheet drain through physically distinct pathways: hydrofracture, moulins, lateral stream routing, and crevasse-fields. Each drainage mechanism carries unique implications for ice sheet dynamics. Existing automated classifications reduce each lake's drainage behavior to a time-series of scalar values representing the observed water surface-area and classify [...]
Resolving the SAI Trilemma with a Novel Core–Shell Mineral Aerosol: DoloSil-20, a Silica-Passivated Dolomite Architecture for Simultaneous Optical Efficiency, Thermal Neutrality, and Ozone Safety
Published: 2026-05-29
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Engineering, Environmental Sciences, Materials Science and Engineering, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Conventional stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) strategies based on liquid sulfate aerosols (H2SO4.H2O) introduce well-documented risks of catalytic ozone destruction and stratospheric near-infrared heating. From a materials-science perspective, the core challenge is one of multi-objective material selection: identifying a particle composition that simultaneously optimizes optical performance, [...]