Preprints
Filtering by Subject: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
MPsizeBase: a database for particle size distributed environmental microplastic data
Published: 2025-10-24
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Understanding the sources, dispersion, and health impacts of microplastic (MP) pollution requires quantitative observations in terms of MP number and/or mass concentrations. Measurements of environmental MP fragments or fibers typically target variable size spans within the formal 1 to 5000 µm range, due to different sampling and detection techniques, and are therefore not directly comparable. In [...]
Response of atmospheric convection to surface drying: new insights from isentropic analysis
Published: 2025-10-23
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
There is strong evidence that the atmospheric moisture content of several solar system planets, including Earth, has varied over their lifetimes. A growing body of work also documents a range of atmospheric water vapor content on exoplanets. An improved understanding of the coupling between atmospheric moisture availability and convection could yield greater intuition about the past and current [...]
Reversal of extreme precipitation trends over the Northeast US in response to aggressive climate mitigation in GFDL SPEAR
Published: 2025-10-23
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Rapid reductions in greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations are increasingly included in mitigation strategies, yet the response of regional climate extremes to such reductions remain highly uncertain. Here, we assess projected changes in extreme precipitation over the Northeast US under an aggressive overshoot mitigation pathway (SSP5-3.4OS), simulated by the fully coupled 25-km GFDL SPEAR climate [...]
On radiocarbon near the epicenter of the 1908 Tunguska event
Published: 2025-10-23
Subjects: Education, Engineering, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
This paper is a continuation of a series of works, devoted to various aspects of the 1908 Tunguska event. A large number of hypotheses about its causes have already been put forward. However, so far none of them has received convincing evidence. Since the late 1950s, a large number of studies have been carried out in the area of the Tunguska event, including those related to radiocarbon [...]
Rethinking livestock futures: Integrating climate impacts and genomic technologies into global food security models
Published: 2025-10-22
Subjects: Animal Sciences, Environmental Indicators and Impact Assessment, Environmental Sciences, Life Sciences, Other Life Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
With the projected increase in the global population and food demand on a planet in climate crisis, the debate about the role of livestock continues to intensify. Animals farmed for food are both a victim and a contributor of climate change (CC), with animals suffering from heat stress due to CC but also a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). Livestock studies have demonstrated [...]
Observations and interpretations of high-frequency volcanic tremor produced under varying seismic-acoustic amplitude ratios on Mt. Etna
Published: 2025-10-22
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
We present a comprehensive, high-resolution seismic-acoustic dataset from Mt. Etna acquired through a large, unprecedented deployment of seismometers and microphones in the summit region, highlighting rarely reported high-frequency (12–15Hz), short-duration volcanic tremor episodes. These events exhibit variable seismic-acoustic amplitude ratios, implying multiple triggering mechanisms. Our [...]
From Interface Dynamics to Darcy Scale Description of Multiphase Flow in Porous Media
Published: 2025-10-22
Subjects: Engineering, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
An outstanding characteristic of porous media, desired in many applications, is the large surface area, which facilitates solid-fluid interactions, making porous media an extreme case in colloid and interface science. In two-fluid systems, wetting and the balance of capillary and viscous forces control fluid displacement processes, leading to a wide range of complex flow regimes with rich [...]
Complex patterns of multiple diffusive source areas for high-frequency volcanic tremor on Mt. Etna
Published: 2025-10-19
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
In this study we present results from an unprecedented, dense, high-resolution seismic de- ployment on Mt. Etna that reveal rarely observed high-frequency tremor, predominantly in the 12–15Hz band. Such signals are typically overlooked at volcanoes due to strong scat- tering and rapid attenuation, which restrict their detection to near-source regions. By com- bining multi-array beamforming with a [...]
First documented record of the ammonite Turrilites costatus LAMARCK, 1801 from the Cenomanian of northern Saudi Arabia: Implications for Arabian Plate paleogeography
Published: 2025-10-18
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Paleontology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
This study presents the first documented occurrence of the heteromorph ammonite genus Turrilites LAMARCK, 1801, from the Cretaceous strata of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A dense, in-situ fossil assemblage, dominated by numerous specimens identified as Turrilites costatus LAMARCK, 1801, was discovered in an outcrop of the Aruma Formation located 9.5 km south of the city of Ar’ar in northern Saudi [...]
Stratigraphy and Mapping of Shale Formations
Published: 2025-10-18
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Shale is one of the most important rocks in geoscience from applied perspective. Commonly shale is considered to be deposited in quiet water condition in deep basins. Shales in sequence stratigraphy have been discussed in geoscience that enables us to understand the large-scale perspective of exploration. Shales have been studied also for chemostratigraphy, chronostratigraphy, and by geophysical [...]
Explaining the Equatorial Pacific Thermocline Response to Climate Change with a Model Hierarchy
Published: 2025-10-17
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Most studies of the equatorial Pacific response to anthropogenic forcing have focused on patterns of sea surface temperature (SST) change. However, similar SST patterns can be consistent with a range of different subsurface responses, each with differing physical and biogeochemical implications. While historical observation and climate model mismatches have been suggested in the literature, we [...]
Instability and atmospheric CO2 anomalies in the recent global carbon cycle
Published: 2025-10-17
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
A major instability occurred in the recent global carbon cycle. It manifests as a major CO2 anomaly between 2009 and 2015 that is clearly seen in the residuals from generalized exponential growth, or equivalent quadratic curves through Taylor expansion, or 10-year running means. Our findings contradict recent assertions of the stability of the recent global carbon cycle based on growth rate [...]
Unlocking Gigatonne-scale Carbon Dioxide Removal with strategic tipping point frameworks
Published: 2025-10-16
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Social and Behavioral Sciences
Achieving global climate mitigation requires a rapid acceleration of Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) to gigatonne (Gt) scales by 2040. Linear growth in climate solutions is insufficient to reach these targets, but system-change practices and leveraging interventions that trigger self-reinforcing feedbacks ("tipping points"), offer a solution. Enhanced Rock Weathering (ERW) in Brazil is uniquely [...]
Direction-dependent permeability and resistivity of fractured rocks tuned to New Zealand geothermal reservoirs
Published: 2025-10-16
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Understanding permeability in the Earth is vital to optimizing sustainable resource development such as geothermal. In many geothermal fields, permeability is controlled by faults, resulting in high spatial and directional variability, difficult to characterise without costly drilling. Electrical resistivity, however, can be measured from the surface, and like permeability, is sensitive to fluids [...]
Sustainable Groundwater Decisions: Hydro-Economic Model Applications to Irrigation in Contrasting Environmental Conditions
Published: 2025-10-16
Subjects: Agriculture, Earth Sciences, Hydrology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Groundwater is important for global agriculture but increasing populations and rising food demand are placing significant pressure on its sustainable use for irrigation. Effective, financially viable irrigation management strategies are urgently needed. This study applies a farm-level hydro-economic model to two contrasting sites: the High Plains Aquifer (HPA), a deep, overexploited, unconfined [...]