Preprints
Filtering by Subject: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Active Face Emissions: An Opportunity for Reducing Methane Emissions in Global Waste Management
Published: 2025-04-03
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
This study used mobile surveys of ten Canadian landfills to assess how methane emissions varied across different landfill sources and operational conditions. The studied landfills included two closed landfills, four open landfills equipped with Gas Collection and Control Systems (GCCS), and four open landfills operating without GCCS. We employed the Gaussian dispersion model to estimate emissions [...]
Multiple scattering of seismic waves in a heterogeneous magmatic system and spectral characteristic of long period volcanic earthquakes
Published: 2025-04-03
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Long-Period (LP) volcanic earthquakes are characterized by a relatively long duration codas and spectra containing pronounced spectral peaks. These peculiar spectral characteristics are often attributed to source effects, such as resonances of fluid-filled cracks. In this paper, we report the results of numerical simulations of seismic wave propagation showing that the main signal features of the [...]
Embedding seismic scattering from seismograms
Published: 2025-04-03
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Heterogeneities in the Earth's crust scatter seismic waves at many scales, trapping seismic energy and producing coda waves that encode valuable information on geological structures. In regions such as volcanoes and fault systems, analyzing coda waves is essential for characterizing non-uniform subsurface heterogeneity, improving interpretation and seismic imaging. Here, we apply unsupervised [...]
Examining copper supply feasibility in decarbonization pathways: a mine-level dynamic approach
Published: 2025-04-01
Subjects: Engineering, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Primary copper production capacity is a major concern in light of estimates of future demand. This issue is not sufficiently taken into account in models providing decarbonization pathways. Our study assesses the feasibility of SSPs basic drivers for primary copper requirements derived from the DyMEMDS model, alongside our projections of primary copper production capacities. We introduce a [...]
Finding the potential height of tropical cyclone storm surges in a changing climate using Bayesian optimization
Published: 2025-04-01
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
We introduce a new framework for systematically exploring the largest storm surge heights that a tropical cyclone in a given climate can create. We calculate the tropical cyclone potential intensity and the potential size from climate model projections and find that both these limits increase in response to climate change. We then use Bayesian optimization with a barotropic ocean circulation [...]
Volcano flank instabilities and lateral collapse
Published: 2025-04-01
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The gravitational instability and subsequent lateral collapse of a volcano is a common phenomenon observed in most types of volcanoes, from continental to oceanic environments. Both intrinsic and extrinsic factors contribute to volcanic collapse, including the volcano's internal structure, geological setting, and a range of volcanic and non-volcanic processes, including climatic conditions. [...]
The evolution of methane production rates from young to mature thermokarst 1 lakes
Published: 2025-03-30
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Thermokarst lakes, formed by permafrost thaw in the Arctic, are hotspots for methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and are expected to double permafrost carbon emissions by the end of the century. While the implications of ongoing permafrost thaw on methane dynamics within these lakes have been modeled, here we provide empirical data on methane production dynamics as lakes evolve from [...]
A new hypothesis for bimodal volcanism in the Kermadec Arc
Published: 2025-03-29
Subjects: Geochemistry, Geology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Volcanology
Bimodal volcanism of basaltic and rhyolitic magmas in the Kermadec Arc has been attributed to the fractional crystallization of basaltic sources. However, new evidence from the Kibblewhite Volcano reveals two distinct differentiation pathways originating from mantle-derived basaltic and andesitic primary magmas. Here we employ geothermobarometric estimations, mass-balance calculations, and [...]
Rheological control of crystal fabrics on Antarctic ice shelves
Published: 2025-03-28
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Ice crystal fabrics can exert significant rheological control on ice sheets and ice shelves, potentially softening or hardening anisotropic ice by several orders of magnitude compared to isotropic ice. We introduce an anisotropic extension of the Shallow Shelf Approximation (SSA), allowing for fabric-induced viscous anisotropy to affect the flow of ice shelves in coupled, transient simulations. [...]
Ore deposits formed during crustal magmatism and related hydrothermal processes: Formation, beneficiation, and the environmental and social considerations of utilization
Published: 2025-03-28
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Crustal magmatic systems that form volcanoes also produce mineral deposits that are important sources of critical metals. These include porphyry, epithermal, skarn, iron-oxide-copper-gold, and Carlin-type mineral deposits that form by magmatic-hydrothermal processes, magmatic sulfide deposits that form by purely igneous processes, and pegmatite deposits that form by both processes. These mineral [...]
Meteorites weathering under a variety of conditions in the Lut Desert
Published: 2025-03-27
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Climate, topography, and geomorphology are fundamental terrestrial environmental factors that play a significant role in shaping rock weathering processes across Earth's surface. These elements are particularly crucial when studying meteorite weathering, as they dictate the microenvironmental conditions that influence both physical and chemical alterations over time. Despite extensive research on [...]
Mid-Ocean Ridge Volcanism (Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, 3rd edition, book chapter)
Published: 2025-03-26
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The vast majority of the Earth’s volcanism takes place in the deep ocean along mid-ocean ridges (MORs), yet because it is difficult to detect and observe, it is also relatively poorly understood. MOR volcanism occurs where tectonic plates spread apart and mainly produces effusive basaltic fissure eruptions where dikes reach the surface. The character and frequency of volcanism varies greatly as a [...]
Geochemical volcano monitoring
Published: 2025-03-26
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The geochemistry of volcanic fluids is increasingly employed at volcano observatories worldwide to assess volcano activity state, and eruption potential. Here, we review the state-of-the-art in the field, with a primary focus on the most recent developments in instrumental gas monitoring that have rendered geochemistry an increasingly effective eruption-forecasting tool. We describe the main [...]
Seafloor Geodesy Unveils Seismogenesis of Large Subduction Earthquakes in México
Published: 2025-03-26
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Seafloor geodesy may lead to deep understanding of subduction systems and seismogenesis. Based on measurements of near-trench deformations of the oceanic and overriding plates, in this investigation we elucidate the tectonic and mechanical processes leading to the Mw7.0 Acapulco, Mexico, earthquake in 2021 at the heart of the Guerrero seismic gap. We exploit unprecedented ocean-bottom [...]
Consideration of rupture kinematics increases tsunami amplitudes in far-field hazards assessments
Published: 2025-03-25
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Tsunamis are large surges of sea water caused by undersea earthquakes. To prepare for future tsunamis, scientists run computer simulations to estimate how big the waves might be and how often they could happen. These simulations are used to make maps and design buildings that can withstand tsunami impacts. Most of these models assume that when an earthquake breaks a fault this happens all at [...]