Preprints
Filtering by Subject: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Transition from wave- to tide-dominated estuary: An example from the Eocene Urahoro Group, eastern Hokkaido, northern Japan
Published: 2025-05-28
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Estuarine morphologies are commonly classified into two end-member categories based on dominant sediment transport processes: wave-dominated and tide-dominated estuaries. Although estuaries are generally presumed to retain their fundamental morphotypes throughout their evolutionary history, this study presents the first documented ancient example of a morphological transition from a wave-dominated [...]
Inference of the S- to P-wave velocity anomalies ratio and its uncertainty with an application to South-East Asia
Published: 2025-05-27
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The ratio of shear-wave to compressional-wave velocity variations R (dlnVs/dlnVp) is an important physical parameter to study the thermochemical properties of the Earth's interior. Several approaches have been employed to estimate R (or its inverse 1/R), but they either assume the same local resolution in models of dlnVs and dlnVp or assume the same ray path for S- and P-phases, while at the same [...]
Mainshock Rupture Properties, Aftershock Activities and Remotely Triggered Seismicity Associated with the 2025 Mw7.7 Sagaing Fault earthquake in Myanmar
Published: 2025-05-27
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
A devastating Mw 7.7 earthquake struck near Mandalay, Myanmar, on March 28, 2025, causing extensive damage and casualties across Myanmar and neighboring regions. The 2025 event occurred in a well-recognized seismic gap along the Sagaing Fault. Here we focus on the mainshock rupture properties based on back-projection of teleseismic P waves and early aftershock locations, analysis of near-field [...]
A revised boundary between the Scoor Pelitic Gneiss and the Lagan Mòr Formation in SW Mull?
Published: 2025-05-27
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Stratigraphy, Tectonics and Structure
The Moine rocks of SW Mull have played a key role in our understanding of the Moine sequence in the NW Highlands. The Mull sequence was thought uniquely, to contain a continuous sedimentary sequence relating the Morar and Glenfinnan units seen elsewhere in Scotland. However, recent work by Krabbendam et al. (2021) and others, suggests that the Mull sequence does contain a major tectonic break, [...]
The Mesozoic Conundrum: Global Albedo Factors Resolve the Lack of Correlation Between Temperatures and CO2 Concentrations.
Published: 2025-05-23
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Life Sciences, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Plant Sciences
The "Mesozoic Conundrum" refers to the lack of correlation between CO₂ atmospheric concentration and global mean surface temperatures in Mesozoic climate reconstructions (Judd et al., 2024). Here, I show that Mesozoic forest cover, proxied by carbon burial flux (Nelsen et al., 2016), correlates strongly (R²=0.88, p<0.01) with GMST across the Mesozoic (252–66 Ma before present). The analysis [...]
Subsurface hydrothermal alteration mapping in the Reykjanes Geothermal area using a combined geoelectrical approach.
Published: 2025-05-21
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Volcanology
The dynamic behavior of volcanic hydrothermal systems (VHS) and associated hydrothermal eruptions remains largely unknown, processes in VHS such as the circulation of hydrothermal fluids and formation of caprock give rise to a range of geophysical signals. Here we explore the combined use of three geo-electric methods: electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), induced polarization (IP), and [...]
Observations of Rayleigh and Love wave Azimuthal Anisotropy Across Alaska
Published: 2025-05-21
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Using ambient noise data from 10 s to 50 s period across Alaska, we confirm previous estimates of Rayleigh wave 2[psi] azimuthal anisotropy and present the first estimates of Rayleigh wave 4[psi] and Love wave 2[psi] and 4[psi] azimuthal anisotropy, where [psi] is the angle of propagation. As in earlier studies, the fast axis orientations of Rayleigh wave 2[psi] are mainly parallel to major [...]
Optimization of Automated Sea Ice Melt Pond Depth Determination in ICESat-2 Laser Altimeter Data with the DDA-bifurcate-seaice Algorithm Using Airborne Campaign Data
Published: 2025-05-20
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Melt ponding on Arctic sea ice is a key indicator of the transition from a predominantly perennial to a seasonal sea ice cover, yet quantitative data on pond depth remain limited. Here, we present the first analysis of melt-pond depth using ICESat-2’s Advanced Topographic Lidar Altimeter System (ATLAS). The Density-Dimension Algorithm for Bifurcating Sea-Ice Reflectors (DDA-bifurcate-seaice) [...]
Hydraulic geometry hypothesis allows reverse engineering of 3D quasi-equilibrium landscapes from 2D channel networks
Published: 2025-05-19
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
A fluvial catchment consists of unchannelized hillslopes drained by a channel network. Catchments can be fully characterized by their three-dimensional (3D) topography and the bankfull characteristics of their channels. Here we use a probabilistic algorithm to generate a set of scale-free, two-dimensional (2D) pixelized river networks of increasing complexity. We then integrate reach-scale [...]
Water Quality and Microclimate Gradients in the Argentine Andes and Patagonia: Field Measurements of TDS, Conductivity, and Temperature Across Altitudes
Published: 2025-05-17
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
This field study reports portable in situ measurements of water temperature, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), electrical conductivity (EC), air temperature, and humidity across six representative sites in Argentina (March 2025). We sampled 20 points spanning 115 m (Perito Moreno) to 3 383 m (Aconcagua). Mean TDS at high‑altitude sites (Aconcagua: 1172 ± 425 ppm) was up to 50 times higher than at [...]
A climate empirical temperature simulator, an application in Provence (France)
Published: 2025-05-17
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The importance of being able to make climate projections at the local level is fundamental because they are the ones that will serve as an input for any vulnerability study as part of a climate change adaptation plan. The techniques exist and, in France, the DRIAS portal allows you to download these projections with several models and with an 8 km x 8 km grid (called Safran grid). However, a [...]
The Motion and Tilts of Subsurface Floats due to Surface Waves
Published: 2025-05-16
Subjects: Oceanography, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Subsurface and nearly neutrally-buoyant floats can be stable, well-behaved platforms for measuring ocean dynamics in the near-surface wave zone. Here we measure and model the tilt of such platforms due to the waves using data from Lagrangian floats built at the Applied Physics Laboratory (APL/UW) and carrying a Nortek Signature 1000 Current Profiler with an AHRS (Attitude and Heading Reference [...]
Enzyme-Mediated Multiphase Precipitation (EMMP): An Innovative Strategy for Ecotoxic Metal Immobilization in Aqueous Systems
Published: 2025-05-16
Subjects: Engineering, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Ecotoxic metal contamination in wastewater and soil poses a critical environmental challenge due to its persistence, toxicity, and bioaccumulation potential. While conventional biogeotechnical methods like Enzyme-Induced Carbonate Precipitation (EICP) and Microbial Induced Carbonate Precipitation (MICP) have shown promise for metal immobilisation, their application is limited by excessive [...]
Accuracy and realism of CMIP6 candidate models in capturing dry, moist, and extreme precipitation anomalies in the Laurentian Great Lakes.
Published: 2025-05-15
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The Great Lakes are the world’s largest freshwater system, and understanding how Great Lakes precipitation dynamics will be modified by climate change is of critical importance. As the Great Lakes straddles a semi-arid to humid transitional region, trustworthy precipitation predictions must be generated by models that can accurately capture both thermodynamical and dynamical drivers of regional [...]
Reducing Bias in Cropland Soil Organic Carbon and Clay Predictions using Sentinel-2 Composites and Data Balancing
Published: 2025-05-15
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Accurate maps of cropland soil organic carbon stocks (SOCS) and clay content are essential for climate-smart agriculture. Soil reflectance composites (SRC), derived from multispectral bare soil observations, offer a scalable approach to high-resolution soil mapping. While studies often focus on maximizing model performance, challenges remain regarding (1) the bias introduced by masking and [...]