Preprints
Filtering by Subject: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Role of Indonesian Archipelago on Global Thermohaline Circulation: Insights from Numerical Experiments
Published: 2023-12-18
Subjects: Numerical Analysis and Scientific Computing, Oceanography, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
This study employs the cGENIE Earth System Model to investigate the effects of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) and Indonesian Archipelago (IA) closure on global meridional thermohaline circulation (THC). Over a simulated period of 10,000 years, the analysis centers on critical variables, including surface density, vertical density profiles, global overturning circulation, and ocean ventilation [...]
Assessing recent thaw and subsidence of peatland permafrost in coastal Labrador, northeastern Canada
Published: 2023-12-16
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Ground temperatures have been monitored since 2014 in four shallow boreholes (up to 5.7 m deep) drilled in palsas along the southeastern Labrador Sea coastline. This borehole network is critical for monitoring the effects of climate change on the terrestrial cryosphere and includes some of the southernmost coastal permafrost in the Northern Hemisphere. In this region, there are very few published [...]
Untangling intercropping in heterogeneous smallholder maize-cassava farming systems with remote sensing
Published: 2023-12-15
Subjects: Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Earth observation approaches for large-scale crop monocultures are often not transferable to heterogeneous smallholder systems. Key challenges in this regard are intercropping, high intra-field crop type variability, wide sowing windows, presence of non-crop vegetation and small but variable field sizes. Currently, studies on smallholder agriculture mainly focus on specific crops and seldom [...]
Amplified seasonality in western Europe in a warmer world
Published: 2023-12-11
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Documenting the seasonal temperature cycle constitutes an essential step towards mitigating risks associated with extreme weather events in a future warmer world. The mid-Piacenzian Warm Period (mPWP), 3.3 – 3.0 million years ago, featured global temperatures approximately 3°C above pre-industrial levels. It represents an ideal period for directed paleoclimate reconstructions equivalent to model [...]
Plio-Pleistocene evolution of westerly moisture transport into the northern tropical Andes
Published: 2023-12-09
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Westerly winds from the eastern equatorial Pacific direct moisture into the Western Cordillera of the northern tropical Andes, where subsequent orographic lifting creates the wettest regions in the world. The Choco low-level jet is emblematic of broader westerly winds in this region and is projected to weaken by the end of the 21st century, but climate models show considerable disagreement about [...]
Uncrewed aerial vehicle-based assessments of peatland permafrost vulnerability along the Labrador Sea coastline, northern Canada
Published: 2023-12-07
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Palsas and peat plateaus in subarctic peatlands are some of the southernmost lowland permafrost landforms in the Northern Hemisphere. Peatland permafrost along the Labrador Sea coastline in northeastern Canada has remained largely understudied and uncharacterised, despite the importance of these landforms for wildlife, carbon stores, and Indigenous land users. In this study, we derived [...]
3D diffusion of water in melt inclusion-bearing olivine phenocrysts
Published: 2023-12-06
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Olivine-hosted melt inclusions are an important archive of pre-eruptive processes such as magma storage, mixing and subsequent ascent through the crust. However, this record can be modified by post entrapment diffusion of H+ through the olivine lattice. Existing studies often use spherical or 1D models to track melt inclusion dehydration that fail to account for complexities in geometry, [...]
Data-space cross-validation of global tomographic models to assess mantle structure underneath the Pacific Ocean
Published: 2023-12-05
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Seismic tomography is a principal method for studying deep mantle plume structure. Imaging Earth's wavespeed anomalies is conditioned by seismic wave sampling, and the uneven distribution of receiving stations worldwide leaves several candidate plumes beneath various hotspots across the globe poorly resolved. We regionally evaluate two full-waveform global tomography wavespeed models, GLAD-M25 [...]
Never train an LSTM on a single basin
Published: 2023-12-05
Subjects: Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Computer Sciences, Earth Sciences, Hydrology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Machine learning (ML) has an increasing role in the hydrological sciences, and in particular, certain types of time series modeling strategies are popular for rainfall-runoff modeling. A large majority of studies that use this type of model do not follow best practices, and there is one mistake in particular that is very common: training deep learning models on small, homogeneous data sets (i.e., [...]
FluxFormer: Upscaled global carbon fluxes from eddy covariance data with multivariate timeseries Transformer
Published: 2023-12-05
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
We provided a monthly global gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (RECO) dataset from 1990 to 2019 at 0.25° × 0.25° spatial resolution named FluxFormer by utilizing the new plant function type dataset in combination with multivariate timeseries Transformer-based model. FluxFormer outperforms other satellite-derived upscaled products when comparing the correlation at site-level [...]
Multiple dikes make eruptions easy
Published: 2023-12-04
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Dikes supply magma to most volcanic eruptions. Understanding how propagating dikes may, or may not, reach the surface is thus one of the fundamental tasks for volcanology. Many, perhaps most, dike segments injected from magma sources do not reach the surface to feed volcanic eruptions. Instead, the dike segments become arrested (stop their propagation), commonly at or close to contacts between [...]
Towards an Integrated Texture Toolkit, 1: Unveiling the Complex Relationship Between Crystal Size, Shape, and Fabric in EBSD Data
Published: 2023-12-04
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Rock textures observed via thin section are skewed from their true 3D nature. This is due to a variety of cut effects—artifacts that are introduced due to the lower dimensional nature of the thin section relative to the rock. Typically, these methods invert crystal shape and crystal size, but with each process performed separately and in sequence. With the ongoing adoption of electron backscatter [...]
A study of extreme water waves using a hierarchy of models based on potential-flow theory
Published: 2023-12-02
Subjects: Applied Mathematics, Oceanography, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Partial Differential Equations, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The formation of extreme waves arising from the interaction of three line-solitons with equal far-field amplitudes is examined through a hierarchy of water-wave models. The Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation (KPE) is first used to prove analytically that its exact three-soliton solution has a ninefold maximum amplification that is achieved in the absence of spatial divergence. Reproducing this [...]
Downslope weakening of soil revealed by a rapid robotic rheometer
Published: 2023-11-30
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Moving down a hillslope from ridge to valley, soil develops and becomes increasingly weathered. Downslope variation in clay content, organic matter, and porosity should produce concomitant changes in soil strength that influence slope stability and erosion. This has yet to be demonstrated, however, because in-situ measurements of soil rheology are challenging and rare. Here we employ a robotic [...]
Potential Volcanic Origin of the 2023 short-period Tsunami in the Izu Islands, Japan
Published: 2023-11-29
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
On October 8, 2023, at 21:40 UTC (6:40 on October 9 local time), a tsunami warning was declared for the Izu Islands and southwest Japan. This tsunami was initially considered to be associated with the M4.9 earthquake at 20:25 UTC (5:25 JST). However, we know events of this magnitude are far too small to generate observed tsunamis from coseismic deformation alone. In this study, we analyzed the [...]