Preprints
Filtering by Subject: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Spectrally structured CNN encoding for interpretable and edge-ready fractional vegetation cover mapping using UAS multispectral and imaging spectroscopy
Published: 2026-06-30
Subjects: Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, Biogeochemistry, Computer Sciences, Earth Sciences, Engineering, Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Sciences, Natural Resources and Conservation, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Remote Sensing
Fractional vegetation cover (FVC) is a key indicator of semi-arid ecosystem condition, but non-photosynthetic vegetation (NPV) remains difficult to map because dry or senescent vegetation, litter, woody debris, and standing dead material can overlap spectrally with photosynthetic vegetation (PV) and bare ground (BE), especially where shadows, exposed bare earth surfaces, and mixed vegetation-soil [...]
Coastal plain retention modulates flashflood chlorophylla anomalies in the Red Sea: a CPRI based multisite analysis
Published: 2026-06-30
Subjects: Biodiversity, Earth Sciences, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Environmental Sciences, Food Science, Life Sciences, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Planetary Sciences, Research Methods in Life Sciences
The eastern Red Sea coastal margin is among the most oligotrophic large marine ecosystems on Earth, where episodic nutrient pulses from flash floods can transiently fuel phytoplankton blooms. Yet, the extent to which upstream coastal-plain geomorphology modulates the magnitude of these flood-driven chlorophylla (Chla) responses remains poorly quantified. We tested the hypothesis that narrower [...]
Overshoot pathway fingerprints persist after global temperature stabilization
Published: 2026-06-29
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Exceedance of global warming thresholds under overshoot, peak and decline pathways may leave regional climate legacies that persist even after global temperature stabilization. This study examines whether such overshoot pathway fingerprints remain detectable after stabilization at similar global warming levels by comparing two multi-century CMIP6 simulations with different magnitudes and [...]
Shape of storms facilitates energy transfer from weather to deep ocean
Published: 2026-06-29
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Near inertial internal waves (NIWs) play a key role in transferring energy from extratropical storms into the ocean interior, where they drive turbulence that influences large scale circulation and climate. Efficient downward propaga- tion of NIW energy requires horizontal wavelengths of order 100 km, yet NIWs are conventionally assumed to be generated with much longer scales near 1000 [...]
IGM: an accessible, modular, differentiable, and GPU-accelerated high-order ice flow model
Published: 2026-06-28
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
We present the Instructed Glacier Model (IGM, v3.2), an open-source framework for simulating glacier evolution from single-glacier to mountain-range scales. IGM is built on a single design principle: all physical processes, including ice flow, surface mass balance, thermodynamics, and mass conservation, are expressed as short sequences of operations on raster grids. This workflow runs natively on [...]
Direct Dating of Lithic Cuts Using Cosmogenic Nuclides: A Methodological Proposal to Establish the Construction Chronology of Megalithic Megastructures
Published: 2026-06-28
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
ABSTRACT The chronology of megalithic megastructures is currently established through the analysis of organic matter — charcoal, bone, fibers — found in proximity to the constructions. This method dates the most recently documented human presence in the vicinity of a structure. It does not date the act of construction. If a temporal gap existed between the moment of construction and the moment of [...]
Denoising teleseismic data for deep Earth studies using a supervised deep-learning auto-encoder: a case study of diffracted waves from ULVZs
Published: 2026-06-27
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geophysics and Seismology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Seismic noise, particularly the microseism generated by the oceans, is a fundamental limitation on using short period (1 - 10 s) teleseismic data to study the deep Earth. Deep learning auto-encoders have proven effective at denoising seismic data in other applications. Here, we provide a demonstration of their potential for improving the quality of deep Earth seismic data, using Sdiff [...]
Analytical prediction of active-layer thaw and subsidence under seasonal thermal forcing: application to Svalbard permafrost
Published: 2026-06-26
Subjects: Engineering, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Seasonal thaw of the active layer and the resulting ground subsidence strongly influence Arctic hydrology, soil-carbon release, and the stability of northern infrastructure. Lunardini (1987) derived an exact similarity solution for one-dimensional thaw in frozen soil that consolidates as it thaws. Although physically elegant, the solution has remained difficult to use in practice: usable limiting [...]
Automated landslide detection in SAR wrapped interferograms using a geomorphology-constrained YOLO CNN
Published: 2026-06-26
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Slow-moving landslides pose significant hazards in mountain environments, requiring improved detection and monitoring capabilities. Traditional mapping is accurate but time-consuming, while multitemporal InSAR approaches are limited by data complexity and velocity constraints. Wrapped dual-pass DInSAR interferograms offer an alternative by preserving deformation signals without phase unwrapping, [...]
Model Construction and Retrospective Validation of Large Earthquake Prediction
Published: 2026-06-26
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Based on the hypothesis that gravity-driven crustal displacement generates earthquakes and facilitates crustal material migration, and following the general law that the velocity of generalized flow in a steady-state system is proportional to the driving force and inversely proportional to the system’s internal resistance, a relationship between the frequency of large earthquakes and crustal [...]
Uniform automated analysis of Sdiff splitting due to lowermost mantle anisotropy: Caveats and curated global dataset
Published: 2026-06-26
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Seismic anisotropy, the dependence of seismic wave speeds on the direction of propagation and/or polarization, places crucial constraints on deformation and convective flow in the lowermost mantle (the D″ layer). Shear waves that diffract along the core-mantle boundary (CMB) are ideally suited for probing this region due to their long horizontal ray paths in the lowermost mantle. However, the [...]
Glacier thickness, thermal regime, and subjective uncertainty from ground-penetrating radar of 25 Svalbard glaciers
Published: 2026-06-26
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Glaciology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Glacier thickness and thermal regime control glacier dynamics and long-term evolution, but observations are sparse at regional scales. Both can be measured using ground-penetrating radar (GPR), which requires manual or automated interpretation. Interpretation often depends on more than signal waveform analysis alone, and this subjectivity has not been thoroughly quantified before. We present 699 [...]
Dust–Cloud Vertical Configurations Influence the Effective Radius of Low-Level Warm Clouds over Marine and Continental Environments
Published: 2026-06-26
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Aerosol–cloud interactions remain a major source of uncertainty in climate forcing estimates, partly because cloud responses depend on the location of aerosols relative to clouds; yet for mineral dust, which accounting for about two-thirds of all aerosol mass, the effects of dust–cloud vertical configuration on cloud droplet effective radius remain unclear. Using multi-year observations from the [...]
Large-Scale Mapping and Graph-Theoretic Characterization of Arctic Tundra Capillary Networks From Submeter Satellite Imagery
Published: 2026-06-24
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Abstract— Tundra capillary networks (TCNs) are visible surface-drainage features associated with ice-wedge polygon terrain that can influence lateral surface-water redistribution across Arctic landscapes. However, TCN systems remain poorly characterized at regional scales because their narrow morphology, variable surface expression, and submeter scale have limited the development of scalable [...]
Where to Watch the Water: Multi-Sensor Network Design Optimization for Inland Flood Detection
Published: 2026-06-24
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Geomorphology, Hydrology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Water Resource Management
Inland flood detection is often constrained less by sensor availability than by where sensors are placed along branching river networks, especially in ungauged headwaters where floods often initiate. We present a three-phase, decisionfocused framework for designing basin-by-basin multi-sensor flood detection networks that coordinate water-level, discharge, and camera sensors while explicitly [...]