Preprints
Filtering by Subject: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
River Network HyperGraphs and Transportation Network HyperGraphs: A Graph-Theoretic Approach for Geoscientific and Civil Applications
Published: 2025-07-03
Subjects: Applied Mathematics, Civil Engineering, Environmental Studies, Life Sciences, Mathematics, Other Life Sciences, Other Mathematics, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Social and Behavioral Sciences
River Network Graphs and Transportation Network Graphs are classical models that represent river systems and transportation infrastructures as vertices and edges, respectively, and underpin applications in hydrological simulation, watershed management, shortest-path computation, and urban traffic analysis. In this paper, we extend these graph-based models into the hypergraph and superhypergraph [...]
Simultaneous spectral induced polarization and X-ray µCT imaging to investigate pore-scale dynamics and geoelectrical responses in porous media
Published: 2025-07-03
Subjects: Engineering, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Understanding the interplay between pore-scale fluid distribution and bulk electrical properties is critical to improving petrophysical models of partially saturated porous media. This study introduces and evaluates a novel experimental setup that enables synchronized spectral induced polarization (SIP) and X-ray micro-computed tomography (µCT) measurements under dynamic saturation conditions. A [...]
On the demise of Whistler, Horstman and Blackcomb Glaciers, southwest British Columbia, Canada: historical use, recent change and future prospects within a mountain resort
Published: 2025-07-03
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Glaciology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Atmospheric warming is causing glaciers worldwide to retreat and disappear, with repercussions for nearby communities. Effects of glacier retreat have been especially consequential for mountain resorts such as Whistler Blackcomb, Canada, where almost 60 years of summer glacier use has been terminated due to the ongoing demise of Whistler, Horstman and Blackcomb Glaciers. Over the past five [...]
The case for continuing VIPER - a critical milestone on the journey back to the Moon
Published: 2025-07-02
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Planetary Sciences
NASA's VIPER mission was designed to explore the Moon's south pole, with a primary objective of identifying and characterising volatile compounds such as water ice. Despite having been fully built and having passed all preflight environmental testing, the mission was cancelled by NASA in July 2024, and the rover remains in storage. In this paper, we outline why it remains crucial that a route to [...]
Machine Learning Insights into the Geochemical Life Cycle of the Columbia River Flood Basalts
Published: 2025-07-02
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geochemistry, Geology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Stratigraphy, Volcanology
Flood basalts are challenging to characterize in detail, despite enormous their erupted volumes, due to their age and chemical homogeneity. Here we explore machine learning (ML) approaches for classification and pattern identification in whole rock geochemical data of the Columbia River Flood Basalts (CRFB), which provide key constraints on magma generation, transport, and emplacement. We utilize [...]
Chapter 2.4: Volcanic gas impacts
Published: 2025-07-02
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Volcanic gases can pose a long-term hazard as they may be released during eruptive and non-eruptive periods. Acidic plumes, diffuse degassing, limnic eruptions and release of gases into the troposphere and stratosphere can affect natural and human environments, scaled to eruption size. The components of volcanic emissions that cause the most impact are CO2, SO2, H2S, 222Rn, HCl, HF, and PM. The [...]
Are All Tipping Points Predictable? A Test of Early Warning Signal Theory on Three Distinct Holocene Climate Events
Published: 2025-07-02
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The detection of Early Warning Signals (EWS) in noisy paleoclimate time series is a significant analytical challenge. Previous studies have often focused on individual events or single metrics, leaving the broader robustness and universality of the EWS framework unresolved. In this study, we apply a comprehensive analytical pipeline to a δ¹⁸O proxy record from the NGRIP ice core, testing for EWS [...]
Seasonality and declining intensity of methane emissions from the Permian and nearby US oil and gas basins
Published: 2025-07-02
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
We quantify weekly methane emissions and trends from oil and gas production in the US Permian Basin for 2019–2023, and in nearby basins for 2022–2023, by analytical inversion of Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) satellite observations with the Integrated Methane Inversion (IMI) at 25-km resolution. Permian oil and gas emissions averaged 4.0 ± 1.1 Tg a-1 over 2019–2023, with large [...]
Continental-Scale Carbonate Sedimentation and Environmental Correlates of the Shuram-Wonoka Excursion
Published: 2025-07-01
Subjects: Biogeochemistry, Earth Sciences, Geochemistry, Geology, Paleontology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Sedimentology, Stratigraphy
Strata of the Ediacaran Period record many Earth-Life features that distinguish the Neoproterozoic-Phanerozoic transition. However, it is difficult to determine cause and effect relationships between Ediacaran events. Continental-scale patterns of sedimentation have been used as proxies to investigate controls on Phanerozoic macroevolution, including sea level drivers and potential carbon cycling [...]
Determination of REE abundances and Eu isotope ratio in GSJ and NIST feldspar reference standards (JF-1, JF-2, SRM 70a, 70b and SRM 99a) using ICP-QMS and MC-ICP-MS
Published: 2025-07-01
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Rare earth element (REE) concentrations in feldspars provide valuable information for understanding geochemical implications during the evolution of igneous rocks due to magma differentiation. Europium (Eu) is one of the REEs and exists in oxidation states (Eu2+ and Eu3+) states. Eu2+ can be substituted for Ca2+ during plagioclase feldspar crystallization in reducing magmas, which becomes a cause [...]
Field evidence for non-linear IP effects in a volcanic hydrothermal system using reciprocal data.
Published: 2025-06-28
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Volcanology
In electrical geophysical methods it is often assumed that the resistivity or chargeability, behaves linearly with the applied electrical current. However, non-linearity has been reported in Induced Polarization (IP) and can be caused by oxidation-reduction reactions or reactions at the surface of clay minerals. Methods to determine the presence of non-linear effects exist and involve analysis of [...]
Mapping upper mantle discontinuities beneath the Australian continent using multimode surface waves and receiver functions
Published: 2025-06-28
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Spatial distributions of upper mantle discontinuities beneath the Australian continent are mapped using a large number of station-based 1-D S-velocity profiles with radial anisotropy, derived from joint Bayesian inversions of multimode surface waves and P-wave receiver functions. Numerous permanent and temporary stations across Australia enable us to constrain localized seismic velocity [...]
An explainable machine learning prediction system for early-warning of heat stress on Florida’s Coral Reef
Published: 2025-06-25
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Marine Biology, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Coral reefs are facing increasing threats from rising ocean temperatures, necessitating timely and localized prediction tools to inform reef management and conservation. This study introduces a machine learning framework capable of forecasting the onset of moderate coral heat stress at site-specific resolution on Florida’s Coral Reef. Leveraging the XGBoost algorithm, the data-driven prediction [...]
A SEISMIC MOMENT MAGNITUDE SCALE
Published: 2025-06-25
Subjects: Engineering, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Theaimofobtaininga single scale for earthquake magnitudes has led many studies in the past to either develop relationships among various existing scales or develop an altogether new scale to represent a wide range of magnitudes on a single scale. Although a reliable and standardized estimation of earthquake size is a basic requirement for all tectonophysical and engineering applications, [...]
Fibre-optic exploration of the cryosphere
Published: 2025-06-23
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The icy parts of the Earth, known as the cryosphere, are an integral part of the climate system. Comprehensively understanding the cryosphere, requires dense observations, not only of its surface, but also of its internal structure and dynamics. Seismic methods play a central role in this endeavour. Fibre-optic sensing is emerging as valuable complement and alternative to well-established [...]