Preprints
There are 6976 Preprints listed.
Glacier or Not? The Importance of Nuance in Definitions of Vanishing Glaciers
Published: 2025-07-07
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Glaciers provide critical ecosystem services, including water resources, biodiversity, cultural value, and climate signals. But what makes a glacier a glacier? Dierent definitions of what characterizes a glacier can conflict with each other. While a common definition emphasizes "past or present flow," practical applications involve various criteria like currently observable ice flow, crevassing, [...]
Glacier algae phenology on the Qaanaaq Ice Cap (Northwest Greenland)
Published: 2025-07-07
Subjects: Glaciology, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Glacier algae are relevant factors in the darkening phenomenon of glaciers, especially at the margins of the ice sheets. This study focuses on glacier algae variation during summer seasons in the 2016-2023 period at Qaanaaq Ice Cap, NW Greenland. Based on ice samples and field spectroscopy measurements, an empirical model is proposed to estimate glacier algae abundance from a reflectance ratio [...]
Crystal cargo perspectives on magma assembly and dynamics during the 2021 Tajogaite eruption, La Palma, Canary Islands
Published: 2025-07-07
Subjects: Volcanology
The 2021 eruption of Tajogaite was the longest duration eruption, most voluminous, and had the largest human impact in recorded history on La Palma, Canary Islands. Extensive geophysical and geochemical data were collected during both the preceding unrest and eruptive event. Petrological monitoring was largely restricted to rapid stereo microscope observation and a few supporting in-depth studies [...]
Constraining the paleoclimate and paleoecology of the Selandian – Thanetian transition in the Lower Wilcox, Texas Gulf Coast
Published: 2025-07-07
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Geochemistry, Sedimentology, Stratigraphy
The Selandian–Thanetian Transition Event (STTE) represents a relatively understudied interval of carbon cycle instability and environmental disruption during the Paleocene. This study presents a comprehensive sedimentological, palynological, and geochemical record of the STTE based on two shallow marine wells (Moczygemba VT #11 and Vogelsang Frieda #1) from the Texas Gulf Coast. Our multi-proxy [...]
Assessing the impact of automatically derived depth phases on the determination of earthquake hypocentres – application to the South America subduction zone
Published: 2025-07-07
Subjects: Geophysics and Seismology
Accurate earthquake hypocentres are fundamental to a wide range of geophysical studies, yet source depth remains poorly constrained in teleseismic earthquake catalogues. Near source surface reflections such as pP, sP, and sS (known as depth phases) provide critical information for resolving hypocentral depth, particularly for intermediate-depth earthquakes. The number of depth phases reported by [...]
Leveraging Large Language Models for Automating Water Distribution Network Optimization
Published: 2025-07-10
Subjects: Engineering
Effective management of Water Distribution Networks (WDNs) is essential to ensure efficient and reliable water supply in cities. However, many management tasks require complex system modelling and optimization approaches, which heavily rely on specialized domain expertise and human resources. Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) offer promising opportunities to automate complex [...]
GROW: A Global Time Series Dataset for Groundwater Studies within the Earth System
Published: 2025-07-10
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Groundwater is a central component of the Earth system. However, our understanding of how it is dynamically interlinked with the atmosphere, hydrosphere, cryosphere, biosphere, geosphere, and anthroposphere remains limited. In the pursuit of understanding groundwater dynamics across diverse global settings, we present GROW (global integrated GROundWater package). This analysis-ready, [...]
Variable methane–arsenic interactions in groundwater of Northern Bangladesh revealed by stable isotopes and geochemical analyses
Published: 2025-07-10
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The reductive dissolution of arsenic (As)-bearing Fe(III) (hydr)oxides is widely regarded as the primary mechanism driving As mobilisation into groundwater in the aquifers of Bangladesh. Recently, methane (CH4) has been proposed as a potentially important electron donor in this process, with CH4 oxidation by methanotrophic bacteria facilitating Fe(III) reduction and subsequent As release. [...]
Warming in the Western Mediterranean Fuels Wetter European Storms and Heightens Extreme Flood Potential Rapid Mediterranean warming brings extreme floods risks for Europe
Published: 2025-07-10
Subjects: Environmental Sciences
The Mediterranean Sea is warming rapidly, with profound implications for regional hydroclimate extremes. The Gulf of Genoa, a critical source region for European storm systems, has exhibited a 1.17°C increase in sea surface temperature (SST) between 2010 and 2020. This study links accelerated SST warming to enhanced atmospheric moisture availability, suggesting a substantial increase in storm [...]
Conservation is Coherence: Introducing the Negawatt Philosophy of Lawful Design
Published: 2025-07-10
Subjects: Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Environmental Studies, Natural Resources and Conservation, Operations Research, Systems Engineering and Industrial Engineering, Other Environmental Sciences, Other Physics, Other Planetary Sciences, Sustainability, Systems Biology
This paper articulates the Negawatt Philosophy, reframing conservation not as omission or moral restraint, but as the structural intelligence that sustains life and preserves biospheric coherence. Modern economies valorise extraction and combustion while treating conservation as invisible absence. Yet thermodynamics reveals life as negentropy—an ordering that defies the drift into entropy’s [...]
Regional Responses to Oceanic Variability Constrain Global Drought Synchrony
Published: 2025-07-11
Subjects: Civil and Environmental Engineering, Earth Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Oceanography and Atmospheric Sciences and Meteorology
Synchronized droughts threaten global food security, with concerns about increased frequency and duration under climate change. However, their long-term evolution and physical limits remain unknown. We analyze 61 drought networks over 120 years (1901–2020) of scPDSI data, employing a suite of network synchronization measures and empirical orthogonal functions to unravel the physical drivers and [...]
Insights into the 3D structure and behaviour of Icelandic crystal mushes from gabbroic nodules
Published: 2025-07-11
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Crystal mushes – porous yet cohesive frameworks of crystals interspersed with interstitial melts – form the plumbing systems of most active volcanoes. In Iceland, magmatic plumbing systems are inferred to be constructed from vertically stacked mushy magma reservoirs separated by subsolidus rock. Gabbroic nodules from Gígöldur in central Iceland provide a rare window into the structure, evolution, [...]
Desert dust exerts a substantial longwave radiative forcing missing from climate models
Published: 2025-07-17
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Historical increases in desert dust have affected climate by perturbing Earth’s energy balance, including through interactions with longwave radiation that remain poorly quantified. Here, we use a data-driven analytical model to estimate the global dust longwave direct radiative effect (DRE). Our results align with observational estimates of longwave radiative effects, constraining the [...]
Challenges with Developing a Measurement-Based Basin Methane Intensity Estimate: A Case Study from the Haynesville
Published: 2026-04-30
Subjects: Environmental Indicators and Impact Assessment, Environmental Monitoring, Oil, Gas, and Energy
Methane intensity, the emissions relative to production, has been a focus in global regulations on oil and gas production and imports, given the climate benefits of methane emission reductions. Methodological frameworks to create annual measurement-based emissions inventory estimates and calculate methane intensity using snapshot measurements have been developed. However, there are still multiple [...]
Domain-Specific Embedding Models for Hydrology and Environmental Sciences: Enhancing Semantic Retrieval and Question Answering
Published: 2025-07-11
Subjects: Education, Engineering
Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown strong performance across natural language processing tasks, yet their general-purpose embeddings often fall short in domains with specialized terminology and complex syntax, such as hydrology and environmental science. This study introduces HydroEmbed, a suite of open-source sentence embedding models fine-tuned for four QA formats: multiple-choice (MCQ), [...]