Preprints
There are 6976 Preprints listed.
Relationships between water quality, stream metabolism, and water stargrass growth in the lower Yakima River, 2018 to 2020
Published: 2025-08-16
Subjects: Life Sciences
Since the early 2000s, water clarity on the lower Yakima River has improved. Changes in best management practices combined with a total maximum daily load for suspended sediment led to these improved conditions. As water clarity improved, so did conditions for aquatic plants; the clearer the water, the better the light penetration, and dramatic increases in plant biomass were observed. In the [...]
Virunga Volcanoes Supersite Biennial Report: 2017- 2019
Published: 2025-08-09
Subjects: Education, Engineering, Life Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The Virunga Volcanoes is the first Supersite established on the African continent in a highly populated Multi-hazards region. This permanent Supersite was established in a critical context as little was known about the Virunga hazards sources and their dynamics, and little done as measures to evaluate, mitigate and reduce their impacts. Similarly, the active volcanoes are poorly studied and [...]
Alaskan Glacier Depths from a Decade of Airborne Radar Sounding
Published: 2025-08-13
Subjects: Earth Sciences
NASA’s Operation IceBridge employed airborne radar sounders in Alaska and adjacent northwestern Canada between 2012-2021 to measure the thickness of the region’s glaciers. Here we present the first comprehensive analysis of these data, providing over 5,500 linear-km of ice thickness and bed elevation measurements – constituting the greatest ice thickness inventory for this region to date. Aside [...]
Development of a Streamlit-Based Deep Learning Tool for Instant Soil Classification from Borehole Grain Size Data
Published: 2025-08-12
Subjects: Engineering
Soil classification is an important part of geology in geotechnical engineering, because it affects the design of foundations, slope stability, and the safety of the construction site. This study presents an easy, dependable, and intelligent soil classification framework using a Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) deep learning model. Data used to train the MLP model included both real borehole grain [...]
Woodside’s North West Shelf gas extraction project extension: a case study in how opacity in Australia’s Safeguard Mechanism increases costs to other companies as it enlarges the mitigation challenge
Published: 2025-08-12
Subjects: Social and Behavioral Sciences
Woodside’s North West Shelf gas facility was recently granted conditional approval to continue operations until 2070. Should the project receive the final go-ahead, followed by an approval of Woodside’s connected Browse-to-North West Shelf offshore gas project, significant quantities of greenhouse gases would be released over a roughly 40-year period, points on public record. The novel [...]
Consecutive Dry Days as a Scale-Dependent Predictor of Tropical Peatland Fire Occurrence in Indonesia
Published: 2025-08-13
Subjects: Climate, Environmental Indicators and Impact Assessment, Meteorology
Tropical peatland fires in Indonesia generate severe environmental, health, and economic impacts, yet current fire prediction systems exhibit scale-dependent limitations. This study investigates the relationship between Consecutive Dry Days (CDD) indices and fire occurrence across multiple spatial scales in South Sumatra and West Kalimantan provinces (2015-2019). Using hierarchical buffer [...]
Impact of Equatorial Wind Change on the Meridional Heat Transport in the Atlantic
Published: 2025-08-13
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Ocean heat transport in the Atlantic basin is northwards at all latitudes, and is largest between the equator and 42 degN. This heat transport impacts multiple aspects of the Earth's climate, setting tropical precipitation, surface temperatures and Arctic sea ice concentration. In this paper, we attempt to understand the role of the equatorial winds in setting the meridional heat transport in [...]
Dual and divergent formation pathways govern the composition and origins of mineral-associated organic carbon
Published: 2025-08-13
Subjects: Biogeochemistry, Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology
Mineral-associated organic matter (MAOM) is the largest and most stable soil carbon reservoir, playing a central role in soil health and climate mitigation. Yet, quantitative understanding is lacking for the two fundamental processes forming MAOM— adsorption of dissolved organic matter and aggregation of insoluble organic particles—and how each pathway incorporates plant- versus microbial-derived [...]
Croplands as thermodynamic agents in a high-CO2 world
Published: 2026-04-29
Subjects: Other Environmental Sciences
Rising atmospheric CO2 is widely expected to influence crops through physiological pathways, yet croplands are also extensive physical interfaces that regulate land–atmosphere energy exchange. Despite covering 12–15% of Earth’s ice-free land surface, their role in surface energy balance under elevated CO2 remains poorly constrained. Most CO2 enrichment studies have not explicitly resolved the [...]
Altitudinal and Seasonal Assessment of Precipitation Chemistry and Wet Deposition in the Vaz Research Forest, Northern Iran
Published: 2025-08-15
Subjects: Engineering, Life Sciences
This study examines the chemical composition of precipitation across altitudinal gradients in the Vaz Research Forest, northern Iran, from 1999 to 2003. Precipitation samples were collected at 300, 1000, 1600, and 2200 m above sea level. Concentrations of nitrate (NO₃⁻), sulfate (SO₄²⁻), chloride (Cl⁻), ammonium (NH₄⁺), calcium (Ca²⁺), and magnesium (Mg²⁺) and their wet deposition values were [...]
Modeling Large Dust Aerosols in the Community Earth System Model Version 2 (CESM2)
Published: 2025-08-15
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
Dust aerosols have a wide size distribution from less than 1.0 nm to over 100 μm and dominate the Earth’s atmospheric aerosol mass. However, most Earth system models inadequately represent dust aerosols larger than 10 µm in diameter, limiting the accuracy of dust cycle and climatic impact simulations. Here, we introduce a new modeling framework that captures the observed full-size distribution of [...]
Mutual Gravitational Capture as a Mechanism for Planetary Growth: An Alternative Hypothesis
Published: 2025-08-15
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
This study proposes a new hypothesis for the growth of rocky planets through successive events of mutual gravitational capture followed by planetary fusion. The model suggests that collisions resulting from mutual gravitational captures within the Hill sphere occur under initial conditions of zero relative velocity, aligned velocity vectors, and relatively similar mass ratios. Under these [...]
Best practices for the analyses of CO2 fluids by Raman Spectroscopy
Published: 2025-08-15
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics, Volcanology
Raman spectroscopy is a key method for determining CO₂ densities in geological fluids, yet acquisition, calibration, and processing methodologies vary widely between laboratories. This study evaluates how these parameters affect precision and accuracy. We show that spectral non-linearity can cause a single instrument to show variable relationships between CO2 density and spectral parameters as [...]
Low-cost autonomous chambers enable high spatial and temporal resolution monitoring of soil CO₂ exchange across landscapes
Published: 2025-08-16
Subjects: Atmospheric Sciences, Biogeochemistry, Climate, Environmental Engineering, Environmental Indicators and Impact Assessment, Meteorology, Natural Resources and Conservation, Soil Science, Sustainability, Terrestrial and Aquatic Ecology
1. Soil CO₂ flux is a critical component of ecosystem carbon cycling, but due to high cost and mechanistic constraints, existing measurement systems are often limited by trade-offs between resolution (temporal and spatial), and spatial coverage. These constraints hinder efforts to monitor soil fluxes across diverse, heterogeneous landscapes and environmental gradients. 2. We developed Fluxbot [...]
Tradeoffs between crop yield, agricultural residue burning, and groundwater depletion in India's wheat belt
Published: 2025-08-16
Subjects: Agriculture
Wheat is a staple crop in India, but yields have stagnated and are projected to further decline due to climate change. One way to increase yields is to ensure timely sowing, which allows the crop to mature prior to damaging heat stress at the end of the growing season. Using novel satellite data products that we developed along with a unique village-level dataset that we collated across India's [...]