Preprints
There are 7999 Preprints listed.
Past, Present and Future of the Indus Water Treaty: Implications for Transboundary Water Governance Challenges and Modernization Prospects
Published: 2025-10-30
Subjects: International and Area Studies, Physical and Environmental Geography, Water Resource Management
The Indus Water Treaty has been applauded as a successful water sharing agreement to allocate the water of Indus River system between India and Pakistan. Yet a set of diplomatic, water resources, and climatic challenges have culminated into the current state of suspension and raise questions over the future of the transboundary water governance. This paper presents a critical spatio-temporal [...]
Kaolin as a potential lithium source: a preliminary study of the Torniella ceramic raw material deposit (southern Tuscany)
Published: 2026-05-15
Subjects: Physical Sciences and Mathematics
The Torniella ceramic raw material deposit (southern Tuscany) is hosted within highly altered rhyolites of the Tertiary Tuscan magmatic province. Locally, kaolinite-rich veins occur, consisting of more 80% kaolinite, with minor quartz and traces of svanbergite, SrAl3(PO4)(SO4)(OH)6. The bulk vein material shows interesting lithium (Li) contents, ranging from 1600 to 3700 mg/kg, with local [...]
Integrating Bayesian Inference and Supervised Learning for Predictive Modeling of Coffee Rust Incidence Among Kenyan Smallholder Farmers
Published: 2025-10-29
Subjects: Bioresource and Agricultural Engineering
Hemileia vastatrix a pathogenic fungus which causes coffee leaf rust, has been a significant challenge to the sustainability of Arabica coffee production in Kenya, where smallholder farmers experience frequent yield losses and lack access to effective control techniques. To manage it effectively, there is a need for predictive frameworks that quantify the risk and uncertainty of disease [...]
Climate Sensitivity from 21st-Century Trends in Earth's Energy Imbalance
Published: 2026-09-26
Subjects: Applied Statistics, Atmospheric Sciences, Climate
Earth's energy imbalance has increased rapidly since continuous satellite observations began in 2001, raising concern that equilibrium climate sensitivity may be higher than in recent assessments. Here we use energy-budget trends over 2006–2024 to estimate climate sensitivity in a Bayesian framework, accounting for uncertainty in observations, forcing, variability, and pattern effects. Climate [...]
Adaptive Model Parameter Estimation Triggered by the Beneficial Observation Rate from Forecast Sensitivity to Observations
Published: 2026-05-08
Subjects: Earth Sciences, Physical Sciences and Mathematics
In NWP, the assimilation of various observations contributes to improving forecast accuracy. The contribution of each observation can be estimated by existing methods. Empirically, it is well known that only a fraction of assimilated observations are diagnosed as beneficial, meaning that they improve forecast accuracy. Previous studies have indicated that the beneficial observation rate depends [...]
Formation of Parasequence-like Successions at Different Depositional Hierarchical Scales
Published: 2025-10-30
Subjects: Sedimentology, Stratigraphy
The interpretation of parasequences is often complicated by ambiguities in the definition of key surfaces, uncertainties in interpretation of facies successions, varying data quality, and different rules of thumb (heuristics) used for identification. The number of interpreted parasequences in an area can, for example, be directly influenced by factors such as the number of data points, the [...]
Lead contamination from shooting activities: bioavailability, bioaccessibility and hydrological controls on Pb geochemical partitioning in soil
Published: 2026-06-17
Subjects: Engineering, Life Sciences
Lead (Pb) contamination in soils is a persistent environmental and human health concern in areas affected by shooting activities. This study provides an integrated assessment of Pb geochemical behaviour, plant interactions, and human bioaccessibility in waterlogged alluvial wetland soils from Soglitelle (southern Italy), a natural reserve historically impacted by hunting activities. The results [...]
HydroQuantum: A new quantum-driven Python package for hydrological simulation
Published: 2025-10-31
Subjects: Education, Engineering
Anomaly detection of Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferograms with semi-supervised machine learning
Published: 2025-10-31
Subjects: Geophysics and Seismology, Volcanology
The aim of this research is to detect Earth's deformation from Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) images through a semi-supervised machine learning algorithm called Least-Squares Two-sample Test (LSTT). This algorithm computes the probability distributions of two samples to assess if they belong to the same probability distribution. At the same time, it gives the divergence of these [...]
A Weighted Fitting Approach for Diameter Distributions from Horizontal Point Sampling
Published: 2025-10-31
Subjects: Applied Statistics, Other Forestry and Forest Sciences, Statistical Methodology, Statistical Models
Horizontal point sampling (HPS) produces size-biased tallies that cannot be fit directly with standard probability distributions without distorting diameter distribution estimates. Previous work resolves this by deriving bespoke size-biased probability density functions (PDFs) for each assumed distribution. We revisit the problem and formalise a weighted non-linear least squares approach that [...]
Unified Cross-Modal Learning for Hydrological Processes Using Multi-Task Transformer Framework
Published: 2025-10-31
Subjects: Environmental Engineering, Environmental Monitoring, Hydraulic Engineering, Hydrology, Water Resource Management
Most deep learning studies in hydrology adopt single-task frameworks that address individual variables such as rainfall or streamflow independently, limiting opportunities for shared learning across related environmental processes. This study introduces a unified multi-task, multi-modal deep learning framework capable of jointly performing 24-hour horizon streamflow forecasting and rainfall [...]
Hidden in plain sight? Some challenges and needs for practical planetary biosignature exploration, both home and away-A Mini-Review.
Published: 2025-11-01
Subjects: Biogeochemistry, Other Earth Sciences, Other Planetary Sciences, Paleobiology, Planetary Biogeochemistry, Planetary Geochemistry
Identifying organic molecular biosignatures for life is challenging. Most current analytical methods were developed on Earth sediments rich in total organic carbon (TOC), and these methods struggle when dilute organic matter is situated within reactive, mineralogically complex astrobiological samples. Diverse geological alteration processes degrade biomarker signals, often concealing some [...]
Nature’s role in national security
Published: 2025-10-31
Subjects: Aquaculture and Fisheries Life Sciences, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Environmental Health and Protection, Environmental Studies, Marine Biology, Natural Resources and Conservation, Natural Resources Management and Policy
The ability of a nation to protect its citizens, institutions, and interests from domestic and foreign threats is one of the foundational responsibilities of any government. However, the ability of sovereign nations to ensure national security for their citizens and institutions has been increasingly challenged by various forms of anthropogenic global change. While the link between climate change [...]
Unexpected canopy gain in Earth’s mangrove forests linked to natural expansion and regrowth
Published: 2025-11-01
Subjects: Forest Sciences
Mangroves have disappeared rapidly due to deforestation and sea-level rise but can also recover through natural regrowth and restoration. However, their long-term trajectory in area and canopy cover remains highly uncertain. By developing a global mangrove canopy density dataset, we show that mangrove loss (conversion to other land uses) and degradation (reduction in canopy density) have been [...]
Factors Affecting Aboveground Carbon Storage in Mixed Oak-Pine Forests: A Multiple Regression Analysis of Southeastern U.S. Forest Inventory Data
Published: 2025-11-02
Subjects: Applied Statistics, Climate, Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Environmental Indicators and Impact Assessment, Environmental Sciences, Forest Biology, Forest Management, Multivariate Analysis, Natural Resources and Conservation, Plant Sciences, Statistical Models
This study investigated the factors affecting aboveground carbon storage in mixed oak-pine forests of the southeastern United States, with a particular focus on the influence of stand age. Using data from 946 Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) plots collected from 2009 to 2019, a multiple regression analysis was conducted to determine the relative importance of various forest and topographic [...]